Judicial review.

(a) In general. — A civil action may be brought: (1) By a participant or beneficiary to enforce or clarify rights to benefits from the Trust Fund or Federal Supplemental Fund under this chapter; (2) By the Trustee: (A) To enforce any claim arising (in whole or in part) under this chapter or the contract; or (B) To recover benefits improperly paid from the Trust Fund or Federal Supplemental Fund or to clarify a participant’s or beneficiary’s rights to benefits from the Trust Fund or Federal Supplemental Fund; and (3) By the Secretary to enforce any provision of this chapter or the contract. (b) Treatment of Trust Fund. — The Trust Fund may sue and be sued as an entity. (c) Exclusive remedy. — This subchapter shall be the exclusive means for bringing actions against the Trust Fund, the Trustee, or the Secretary under this chapter.