017 NLRB 696
Lacon Woolen Mills of John Grieves Sons
In the Matter of LACON WOOLEN MILLS OF JOHN GRIEVES SONS, A
CORPORATION and
TEXTILE WORKERS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Case No. C-1083.-Decided November 14, 1930
Woolen Goods Manufacturing Industry-Settlement :
stipulation
providing
for compliance with the Act-Order: entered on stipulation.
Mr. Jack G. Evans, for the Board.
MMtr. Otto A. Jaburek, of Chicago, Ill., for the respondent.
Mr. Frederick TV. Killian., of counsel to the Board.
DECISION
AND
ORDER
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Upon charges and amended charges duly filed by Textile Workers
Organizing Committee, affiliated with the Committee for Industrial
Organization, herein called the C. I. 0., the National Labor Rela-
tions Board, herein called the Board, by the Regional Director for
the Thirteenth Region (Chicago, Illinois), issued its complaint dated
September 28, 1938, against Lacon Woolen Mills of John Grieves
Sons, a corporation, herein called the respondent, alleging that the
respondent had engaged in and was engaging in unfair labor prac-
tices affecting commerce within-the meaning of Section 8 (1), (2),
and (3) and Section 2 (6) and (7) of the National Labor Relations
Act, 49 Stat. 449, herein called the Act.
A copy, of the, complaint
and of notice of hearing thereon were duly served upon the respond-
ent and the C. I. O.
Concerning the unfair labor practices, the complaint alleged in
substance : (1) that the respondent locked out and discharged all of
its employees from about May 27, 1937, until about June 14, 1937,
and since the lock-out has refused or failed to employ 22 named
employees because they assisted the C. I. O. or engaged in concerted
activities with other employees in the plant for the purposes of col-
lective bargaining and other mutual aid and protection, and thereby
discouraged membership in the C. I. 0.; (2) that the respondent, on
or about May 17, 1937, instigated the formation of a'labor organiza-
17 N. L. R. B., No. 58.
696
LACON WOOLEN MILLS OF JOHN GRIEVES SONS
697
tion among its employees known as the Lacon Woolen Mills Em-
ployees' Association, herein called the Association; (3) that the, re-
spondent advised, urged, and warned its employees to join the Asso-
ciation, dominated and interfered with its administration and con-
tributed financial and other support thereto, and otherwise fostered,
promoted, and encouiaged its formation and growth; (4) that the
respondent, on or about August 30, 1937, entered into a written
agreement with the Association recognizing it as the sole bargaining
agent for all its employees below the rank of foreman and requiring,
as a condition of employment, membership therein; (5) that the
respondent advised; urged, and warned its employees to refrain from
joining or retaining membership in the C. I. 0.; (6) that the re-
spondent derided the C. I. 0., its representatives, and affiliates to its
employees, threatened to close its plant if the concerted activities
of its employees continued, and blacklisted certain of the locked-out
and discharged employees who had joined the C. I. 0.; and (7) that
the respondent, by the above-mentioned acts and others, interfered
with,,-restrained, • andi,. coerced its : employees, in the exercise of their
rights guaranteed in Section 7 of the Act.
Thereafter, the respondent filed its answer, admitting certain alle-
gations concerning the nature and scope of its business, but denying
that it locked out or discharged its employees as alleged in the com-
plaint, and further denying all of the unfair labor practices alleged
in the complaint, admitting that it entered into a written agreement
with the Association for certain purposes, but alleging that it had
not to the (late of. its answer been required by the, Association to
perform all the provisions thereof.
Pursuant to a notice which was duly served, a hearing was held
at Peoria, Illinois, on October 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14, 1938, before
R. N. Denham, the Trial Examiner duly designated by the Board.
The Board and the respondent were represented by counsel and par-
ticipated in the hearing.
Full opportunity to be heard, to examine
ands cross-examine witnesses, . and to produce evidence bearing upon
the issues was afforded to all parties.
During the hearing the Board
moved to dismiss the complaint, without prejudice, with reference
to the allegations thereof concerning the discriminatory discharges
of Wayne Anderson and Art Dawson. The motion was granted.
During the course of the hearing, the Trial Examiner made several
rulings on motions and objections to the admission of evidence.
The
Boarld has reviewed the rulings of the Trial Examiner and finds
that'no prejudicial' errors were committed.
The rulings- are hereby
affirmed.
At the conclusion of the hearing all of the parties were afforded
a reasonable opportunity to argue before the Trial Examiner and
698
DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
,vv;ere advist:d,,by the ` Trial' Examiner that they would' be -given an.
opportunity for oral argument before the Board upon request to
the Board made within ten (10) days from the receipt of the Inter-
mediate Report.
The parties were further advised by the Trial
Examiner that they might file briefs.
Thereafter, the Trial Examiner filed his Intermediate Report,
dated December 1, 1938, in which he found that the respondent had
engaged in and was engaging in certain unfair labor practices within
the meaning of Section 8 (1), (2), and (3) and Section 2 (6). and
(7) of the Act.
He recommended that the respondent cease and
desist from the unfair, labor practices; withdraw all. recognition, of
the.:Asso ,iati'on..as a reaiueseiltative of its employees and completely
disestablish the Association as such representative; offer reinstate-
ment at its plant to the 19 named employees whom he found had
been unlawfully locked out and discharged, dismissing, if necessary,
,employees on the respondent's pay roll who were not actively em-
-ployed on May 27, 193 7 ; make whole 20 named employees for certain
specified periods of time for any loss of pay suffered by reason of
their unlawful discharge; and take certain other affirmative action.
Thereafter, the C. I. O. and the respondent filed exceptions to the
Intermediate Report and, subsequently, the Union filed in amend-
ment to its exceptions.
On the 21st day of September 1939, the respondent, the C. I. 0.,
and counsel for the Board entered into a stipulation in settlement of
the case.
The stipulation reads as follows :
It is hereby stipulated and agreed by and between Lacon
11roolen Mills of John Grieves Sons by Otto A. Jaburek, its
attorney, hereinafter called the respondent, Textile Workers
Organizing Committee by Sydney L. Devin, its representative,
hereinafter called the union, and Jack G. Evans, attorney for
the National Labor
Relations
Board, hereinafter called the
Board, that:
1. Upon charges as amended duly filed by the union, through
S. L. Devin, an accredited agent and representative of the Union
for, that._purpose, the. Board. by Leonard, C.. 13aj99rk,, Regional
Director for the Thirteenth Region (Chicago; Illinois) acting
pursuant to authority granted in Section 10 (b) of the National
Labor Relations Act, 49 Stat. 449, hereinafter called the Act,
and pursuant to Article 11, Section 23, and Article IV, Section
3 of'tlre National Labor Relations Board Rc.les & Regulations,
Series 1, as amended, duly issued a Complaint and Notice of
Hearing thereon on September 28, 1938, against the respondent:
'True and .accurate copies of the Complaint, Notice of Hearing,
Third Amepcled Charge and National-Labor Relations Board
LAGOS W'OOLEN'
MILLS OF JOHN GR IEVES SONS
699
Rules&:fte^nlatons, Series 1, as amended, were duly served
Upon the respondent and the union. On October 4, 1938,
respondent filed its Answer to the Complaint.
2. A hearing was conducted October 10 to 14; 1938, inclusive,
at Peoria, Illinois, before R. N. Denham, a Trial Examiner duly
designated by the Board, at which time and place the respondent
and the union appeared and were duly represented and were
afforded an opportunity to participate in the hearing, to call,
exahiiine,and cross-examine witnesses- and to introduce pertinent
evidence.
At the conclusion of the hearing the parties waived
oral argument, and the privilege of filing briefs before the Trial
Examiner.
A motion was granted dismissing the Complaint
without prejudice as to Wayne Anderson and Art Dawson.
3. An Intermediate Report was thereafter filed by the Trial
Examiner on December 1, 1938, copies of which were duly served
upon the respondent iind the union,-finding .that the respondent
did engage in and is engaging in certain unfair labor practices
affecting commerce within the meaning of Section 8 (1), (2) and
(3) and Section 2 (6) and (( ) of the Act, and recommending
that the respondent cease and desist from said unfair labor prac-
tices and take certain affirmative action to effectuate the policies
of the Act.
The respondent filed exceptions thereto on Decem-
ber 15, 1938, and the union filed exceptions on December IT,
1.938, and amendment to exceptions on January 19, 1939.
The
respondent and the union hereby waive the right to request oral
argiuuept and to file briefs with the Board.
4. The respondent is iio^v and has been since March 4, 1907 a
corporation organized under and existing by virtue of the laws
of the State of Illinois, having its principal office and place of
business in the City of Lacon, 'County of Marshall, State of
Illinois, and is now and has continuously been engaged at its
plant at, Lacon, Illinois in the manufacture, sale and distribution
of woolen cloth and under padding for clothing, olive drab
cloth, called O. D., for the U. S. Army, and other woolen
materials.
Raw materials used by respondent consist principally
of wool; shoddy, dyes and other materials are also purchased.
During the year ending May 1, 1937, 450 tons of such materials
valued at approximately Six Hundred Thousand Dollars ($600,-
000.00) were purchased, approximately two-thirds of which was
purchased and shipped from points within the State of Illinois
to the plant and approximately one-third was purchased and
shipped from points outside of the State of Illinois to the plant.
Finished products amounting to 986,400 square yards of material,
valued at approximately Nine Hundred Thousand Dollars
700
DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
($900,000.00), during the same period were produced, sold and
shipped from the plant.
Approximately one-tenth of such prod-
ucts was shipped from the plant to points within the State of
Illinois and approximately nine-tenths to points outside of the
State of Illinois to the several States of the United-Stat,4a'.iid to
Canada.
Railroad, truck, express and parcel post facilities are
utilized by respondent transporting raw materials and finished
products.
The respondent is engaged in interstate commerce within the
meaning of Section 2 (6) and (7) of the Act.
5. The union is a labor organization as defined in Section 2
(5) of the Act. The Lacon Woolen Mills Employees Associa-
tion, hereinafter called the Association, is a labor organization
as defined in Section 2 (5) of the Act.
6. This Stipulation and Agreement may be introduced as
evidence by filing same with the Chief Trial Examiner of A he
Board at Washington, D. C.
Upon the basis of the entire'rec'ord
in this matter, including the Trial Examiner's Intermediate Re-
port, and this Stipulation and Agreement, if approved by the
Board, an order may forthwith be entered by the Board provid-
ing as follows :
(1) Respondent, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns.,
shall cease and desist from :
(a) Discouraging membership in Textile Workers Organizing
Committee or any other labor organization, by discrimination in
regard to hire and tenure of employment or condition of em-
ployment ;
(b) 'Dominating or interfering with the administration of
Lacon Woolen Mills Employees Association, or with the forma-
tion or administration of any other labor organization, and from
contributing financial or other support to the Association, or
any other labor organization;
(c) Recognizing the Lacon Woolen Mills Employees Associa-
tion, as the representative of any of its employees for the pur-
pose of dealing with the respondent concerning grievances, labor
disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of employment, or other
conditions of employment;
(d) Giving effect to the contract entered into with Lacon
Woolen Mill's Employees Association August 30, 1938;
(e) In any other manner interfering with, restraining or co-
ercing its employees in the exercise of their right to self-organi-
zation, to form, join, or assist the Textile Workers Organizing
Committee or any other labor organization, to bargain collec-
tively through representatives of their own choosing, and to
LACON WOOLEN
MILLS OF JOHN GRIEVES SONS'
701
engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bar-
gaining or other mutual aid or protection.
(2) Respondent shall take the following affirmative action to
effectuate the policies of the National Labor Relations Act :
(a) Withdraw recognition from Lacon Woolen Mills Em-
ployees Association, as the representative of any of its employees
for the purpose of dealing with the respondent concerning
grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of employ-
iinent, or other conditions of employment, and completely dis-
establish said labor organization as such representative;
(b) Offer to the employees, and each of them, excepting Earl
Wilson, named in Appendix "A", attached hereto and by refer-
ence made a part hereof, immediate and full reinstatement to
their former positions, or positions equivalent thereto, without
prejudice to their seniority and other rights and privileges, dis-
missing, if necessary, persons hired on or after May 27, 1937;
(c) Pay to the employees, and each of them named in Ap-
pendix "A", in settlement for any loss of pay they have suffered
by reason of their discharge, the sums respectively set out after
their names;
(d) Immediately post in conspicuous places in its plant and
keep posted continuously for thirty days a notice in the form
set forth in Appendix "B", attached hereto and by reference
made a part hereof, and notify the officers of the Lacon Woolen
Mills Employees Association in the form set forth in Appendix
"C'", attached hereto and by reference made a part hereof.
(e) Notify the Regional Director for the Thirteenth Region,
National Labor Relations Board, (Chicago, Illinois) in writing
within ten (10) days from the date of approval of this Stipula-
tion and Agreement by the Board, what steps respondent has
taken to comply herewith.
7. It is further stipulated and agreed that the United States
Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit may, upon ap-
plication by the Board, enter its decree enforcing the Order of
the Board as provided in paragraph 6 herein, and the respondent
expressly waives its rights to contest the entry of any such decree
and to receive notice of the filing of an application for the entry
of such decree.
8. All terms agreed upon are contained within this Stipulation
and Agreement, and there is no verbal agreement of any kind
which varies, alters or adds to this Stipulation and Agreement.
9. This Stipulation and Agreement is made subject to the ap-
proval of the Board.
702
DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
APPENDIX A
-
John Crank-----------------------------------------
$75.00
Farrel Fay________________
_ 375.00
Merle Garrison ------------------------------------- 400.00
Genevieve
Hall-------------------------------------
460.00
ETerschell Hall_________________________________
455.00
Lowell Harvey---------------------------------
--- 465.00
Jack
Hall ------------------------------------------
400.00
John I-leckard --------------------------------------
65.00
William Kenyon ------------------------------------- 250.00
Jake Loser-----------------------------------------
350;00
Jack Mace- ------------------------------------------
90.00
Francis Schwartz ----------------------------------- 400.00
George Spellions------------------------------------ 125.00
Frank Waldo ---------------------------------------
100.00
Harlan
Watson -------------------------------------
95.00
Francis
Wehrl i------------------------------------- 125. 00
Earl
Wilson ----------------------------------------
275.00
Dorsey Wren ---------------------------------------
90:00
May Wren ------------------------------------------ 100.00
Rey Wren-------------------------------------
275. 00
APPENDIX B
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
The employees of the undersigned company are hereby ad-
vised as follows:
1. This company will not interfere with, restrain or coerce its
employees in the exercise of their right to self -orgmization, to
form, join, or assist the Textile Workers Organizing Committee,
or any other labor organization, to bargain collectively through
representatives of their own choosing, to engage in concerted
activities, for the purpose of collective bargaining or other
mutual aid or protection.
2. This company will not (a) discourage membership in the
Textile. Workers Organizing Committee, or any other -labor or-
ganization, by discrimination in regard to hire or tenure of em-
ployment or condition of employment; (b) that it will not domi-
nate or interfere with the administration of the Lacon Woolen
Mills Employees' Association, or any other labor organization,
and that it will not contribute financial or other support.to-said
Lacon Woolen Mills Employees' Association, or any other labor
organization.
3. This company has withdrawn all recognition from the
Lacon Woolen Mills Employees Association as the representa-
tive of its employees for the purpose of dealing with it concerning
grievances, labor disputes, wages, rate of pay, hours of employ-
LACON wOOLI:ic
]VULLS OF :1 O.H N GRIEVES so:A s
703
ment., or other conditions of employment, and said association is
completely dis-established as such representative.
4.- That the contract entered into between this company and the
Lac.on Woolen Mills Employees ' Association under the date of
August 30, 1938 is null and void. and of no effect whatsoever.
LACON WOOLEN MILLS OF JOxx GRIPPES Soxs.
By -------------------------------------------
APPENDIX C
LACON WOOLEN IhLLS E.NmLOYEES' ASSOCIATION,
Lacon, Illinois.
GENTLEMEN: In conformity with the recommendations con-,
tained in the Intermediate Report of the Trial Examiner in
the Matter of Lacon Woolen Mills of John Grieves Sons, a
corporation, and Textile Workers Organizing Committee, known
as Case No. VIII-C-413 before the National Labor Relations
Board, you are .hereby notified and advised that your associa
tion is dis-established as a representative of the employees of
the undersigned for the purpose of dealing with the under-
signed concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of
pay, hours of employment and other conditions of employment,
and that the contract of August 30, 1938 entered into by
and between the undersigned and your association is null and
void, and same is hereby terminated and at an end, and the under-
signed .. iyill no longer proceed thereunder or pursuant to the
terms thereof.
Yours very truly,
LACON WOOLEN hMILLS or JOHN Giui:vi.s SONS.
By -------------------------------------------
On September. 219, 1939, the Board issued an order approving the
above stipulation and making it a part of the record in the case.
On the basis of the above stipulation , and upon the entire record in
the case, the Board snakes the following:
I±'7NDI \GS OF FACT
I. TILE BUSINESS OF THE RESPONDENT'
The respondent is an Illinois. corporation with its principal office
and place of business in Lacon, Illinois. It is engaged in the manu-
facture. distribution, and sale of woolen cloth and other woolen mate-
rials.
The raw materials used by the respondent include, among.
1 The findings in this section rare tensed upon n siipul a rion of facts.
704
DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
others, wool, shoddy, and dyes.
Approximately one-thirdof^its ra.w
materials are purchased and shipped from points outside the' State
of Illinois.
Approximately 90 per cent of its finished products are
shipped to points outside the State of Illinois.
During the .year
ending May 1, 193'7, 450 tons of raw materials were purchased and
transported to the respondent's plant and were valued at approx-
imately $600,000.
During the same period, finished products amount-
ing to 986,400 square yards of material, valued at approximately
$900,000, were produced, sold, and shipped from its plant.
Rail-
road, truck, express, and parcel-post facilities are utilized by: the re-
spondent to transport raw materials and finished products: 'The
respondent admits that it is engaged in interstate commerce within
the meaning of the Act.
ORDER
On the basis of the above stipulation, findings of fact, and the
entire record in the case, and pursuant to Section 10 (c) of the"'Na-
tional Labor Relations Act, the National Labor Relations Board
hereby orders that the respondent, Lacon Woolen Mills of John
Grieves Sons, a corporation, its agents, officers, successors, and assigns
shall :
1. Cease and desist from :
(a)
Discouraging membership in Textile Workers Organizing
Committee or any other labor organization, by discrimination in re-
gard to hire and tenure of employment or condition of employment;
(b) Dominating or interfering with the administration of Lacon
Woolen Mills Employees Association, or with the formation: oi, ad-
ministration of any other labor organization, and from contributing
financial or other support to the Association, or any other labor
organization ;
(c) Recognizing the Lacon Woolen Mills Employees Association,
as the representative of any of its employees for the purpose of deal-
ing with the respondent concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages,
rates of pay, hours of employment, or other conditions of employment;
(d) Giving effect to the contract entered into with Lacon Woolen
Mills Employees Association August 30, 1938;
(e) In any other manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing
its employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization, to
form, join, or assist the Textile Workers Organizing Comm' itte or
any other labor organization, to bargain collectively through repre-
sentatives of their own choosing, and to engage in concerted ac-
tivities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid
or protection.
2. Take the following affirmative action to effectuate the p_ olicie's
of the National Labor Relations Act:
LACON WOOLEN MILLS OF
JOHN GRIEVES' SONS
705
(a) Withdraw recognition from Lacon Woolen Mills Employees
Association, as the representative of any of its employees for the
purpose of dealing with the respondent concerning grievances, labor
disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of employment, or other condi-
tions of employment, and completely disestablish said labor organi-
zation as such representative;
(b) Offer to the employees, and each of them, excepting Earl
Wilson, named in Appendix A, attached hereto and by reference
made a part hereof, immediate and full reinstatement to their former
positions, or positions equivalent thereto, without prejudice to their
seniority and other rights and privileges, dismissing, if necessary,
persons hired on or after May 27, 1937;
(c) Pay to the employees, and each of them, named in Appendix
A, in settlement for any loss of pay they have suffered by reason of
their discharge, the sums respectively set out after their names;
(d) Immediately post in conspicuous places in its plant and keep
posted continuously for thirty days a notice in the form set forth in
Appendix B, attached hereto and by reference made a part hereof,
and notify the officers of the Lacon Woolen Mills Employees Associa-
tion in the form set forth in Appendix C, attached hereto and by
reference made a part hereof.
(e) Notify the Regional Director for the Thirteenth Region, Na-
tional Labor Relations Board, (Chicago, Illinois) in writing within
ten (10) days from the date of approval of this Stipulation and
Agreement by the Board, what steps respondent has taken to comply
herewith.
APPENDIX A
John Crank---------------------------------------------
$75.00
Farrel Fay----------------------------------------------
375.00
Merle
Garrison------------------------------------------
460.00
Genevieve
Hall------------------------------------------ 460.00
Herschel]
Hall------------------------------------------- 485.00
Lowell
Harvey------------------------------------------ 465.00
Jack Hall- ----------------------------------------------
400.00
John Heckard -------------------------------------------
65.00
William Kenyon____ _____________________________________ 250.00
Jake Loser---- ------------------------------------------
350.00
Jack Mace -----------------------------------------------
90.00
Francis Schwartz--------------------------------------- 400.00
George Spellious ----------------------------------------- 125.00
Frank Waldo-------------------------------------------- 100.00
Harlan Watson------------------------------------------
95.00
Francis Wehrli ------------------------------------------
125.00
Earl
Wilson --------------------------------------------- 275.00
Dorsey Wren--------------------------------------------
90.00
May Wren -----------------------------------------------
100. 00
Rey Wren ----------------------------------------------- 275.00
'706
DF.CI5IONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RE,LATTONS BOAIRI)
APPENDIX B
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
The employees of the undersigned company are hereby advised
as follows
1. This company will not interfere with, restrain or coerce its
employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization, to form,,
join, or assist the Textile Workers Organizing Committee, or any
other labor organization, to bargain collectively through representa-
tives of their own choosing, to engage in concerted activities, for the
purpose of collective baragainiing or other mutual aid or protection.
2. This company will not (a) discourage membership in the Textile
Workers Organizing Committee, or any other labor organization, by
discrimination in regard to hire or tenure of employment or corndi-
tion of employment; (b) that it will not dominate or interfere with
the administration of the Lacon Woolen Mills Employees' Associa-
tion, or any other labor organization, and that it will riot; contribute
financial or other support to said Lacon Woolen Mills Employees'
Association, or any other labor organization.
3. 7.'his company has withdrawn all recognition from the Lacon
Woolen Mills Employees Association as the representative of its
employees for the purpose of dealing with it concerning grievances,
labor disputes. wages, rate of pay, hours of employment, or other
conditions of ernploymernt, and said association is completely dis-
established as such representative.
4. That the contract entered into between this company and the
Lacon Woolen Mills Employees' Association under the 'date of
August 30, 1938 is null and void and of no effect whatsoever.
L.\coN WOOLEN MILLS OF JOHN GRIEVES SONS.
B^- ------------------------------------------
APPENDIX C
L.AcON WOOLEN MILLS EMPLOYEES' ASSOCIATION,
Lacon, Illinois.
GENTLEMEN : Ill conformity with the recommendations contained
in the Intermediate Report of the Trial Examiner in the Matter of
Lacon Woolen Mills of John Grieves Sons, it corporation, and Textile
Workers Organizing Committee, known as Case No. XIII-C-413
before the National Labor Relations Board, you are hereby notified
and advised that your association is dis-established as a representa-
tive of the employees of the mulers^gned for the purpose of dealing
LACON WOOLP;:N 3\1ALLS OF 11OH:N GRIEVES SOWS
707
with the undersigned concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages,,
rates of pay, hours of employment and other conditions of employ-
ment, and that the contract of August 30, 1938 entered into by and
between the undersigned and your association is null and void and
same is hereby terminated and at an end, and the undersigned will no
-longer :=p ,oeeed thereunder or pursuant to the terms thereof.
Yours very truly,
LACON WOOLEN MILLS OF JOHN
GRIEVES SONS.
By --------------------------------------------