RESTRICTIONS ON POSTEMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES.

SEC. 101. RESTRICTIONS ON POSTEMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES. (a) Restrictions.—Section 207 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: “§ 207. Restrictions on former officers, employees, and elected officials of the executive and legislative branches “(a) Restrictions on All Officers and Employees of the Executive Branch and Certain Other Agencies.— “(1) Permanent restrictions on representation on particular matters.—Any person who is an officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States Government (including any independent agency of the United States and any special Government employee), or of the District of Columbia, and who, after the termination of his or her service or employment with the United States Government or the District of Columbia, as the case may be, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any officer or employee of any department, agency, court, or court-martial of the United States or the District of Columbia, as the case may be, on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with a particular matter— “(A) in which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial interest, “(B) in which the person participated personally and substantially as such officer or employee, and “(C) which involved a specific party or specific parties at the time of such participation, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(2) Two-year restrictions concerning particular matters under official responsibility.—Any person subject to the restrictions contained in paragraph (1) who, within 2 years after the termination of his or her service or employment with the United States Government, knowingly makes, with the intent to 103 STAT. 1717influence, any communication to or appearance before any officer or employee of any department, agency, court, or court-martial of the United States or the District of Columbia, on behalf of any other person (except the United States), in connection with a particular matter— “(A) in which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial interest, “(B) which such person knows or reasonably should know was actually pending under his or her official responsibility as such officer or employee within a period of 1 year before the termination of his or her service or employment with the United States Government or the District of Columbia, and “(C) which involved a specific party or specific parties at the time it was so pending, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(b) One-Year Restrictions on Aiding or Advising.— “(1) In general.—Any person who is a former officer or employee subject to the restrictions contained in subsection (a)(1), and any person described in subsection (e)(7), who personally and substantially participated in any ongoing trade or treaty negotiation on behalf of the United States within the 1-year period preceding the date on which his or her service or employment with the United States terminated, and who had access to information concerning such trade or treaty negotiation which is exempt from disclosure under section 552 of title 5, and which is so designated by the appropriate department or agency, shall not, on the basis of that information, which the person knew or should have known was so designated, knowingly represent, aid, or advise any other person (except the United States) concerning such ongoing trade or treaty negotiation for 1 year after his or her service or employment with the • United States Government terminates. Any person who violates this subsection shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(2) Definition.— For purposes of this paragraph— “(A) the term ‘trade negotiation’ means negotiations which the President determines to undertake to enter into a trade agreement pursuant to section 1102 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, and does not include any action taken before that determination is made; and “(B) the term ‘treaty’ means an international agreement made by the President that requires the advice and consent of the Senate. “(c) One-Year Restrictions on Certain Senior Personnel of the Executive Branch and Independent Agencies.— “(1) Restrictions.—In addition to the restrictions set forth in subsections (a) and (b), any person who is an officer or employee of the executive branch (including an independent agency), who is referred to in paragraph (2), and who, within 1 year after the termination of his or her service or employment as such officer or employee, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any officer or employee of the department or agency in which such person served within 1 year before such termination, on behalf of any other person (except the United States), in connection with any matter on 103 STAT. 1718which such person seeks official action by any officer or employee of such department or agency, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(2) Persons to whom restrictions apply.—(A) Paragraph (1) shall apply to a person (other than a person subject to the restrictions of subsection (d))— “(i) employed at a rate of pay fixed according to subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 5, or a comparable or greater rate of pay under other authority, “(ii) employed in a position which is not referred to in clause (i) and for which the basic rate of pay is equal to or greater than the basic rate of pay payable for GS–17 of the General Schedule, “(iii) appointed by the President to a position under section 105(a)(2)(B) of title 3 or by the Vice President to a position under section 106(a)(1)(B) of title 3, or “(iv) employed in a position which is held by an active duty commissioned officer of the uniformed services who is serving in a grade or rank for which the pay grade (as specified in section 201 of title 37) is pay grade 0–7 or above. “(B) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a special Government employee who serves less than 60 days in the 1-year period before his or her service or employment as such employee terminates. “(C) Subparagraph (A)(ii) includes persons employed in the Senior Executive Service at the basic rate of pay specified in that subparagraph. “(D) At the request of a department or agency, the Director of the Office of Government Ethics may waive the restrictions contained in paragraph (1) with respect to any position, or category of positions, referred to in clause (ii) or (iv) of subparagraph (A), in such department or agency if the Director determines that— “(i) the imposition of the restrictions with respect to such position or positions would create an undue hardship on the department or agency in obtaining qualified personnel to fill such position or positions, and “(ii) granting the waiver would not create the potential for use of undue influence or unfair advantage. “(d) Restrictions on Very Senior Personnel of the Executive Branch and Independent Agencies.— “(1) Restrictions.— In addition to the restrictions set forth in subsections (a) and (b), any person who— “(A) serves in the position of Vice President of the United States, “(B) is employed in a position paid at a rate of pay payable for level I of the Executive Schedule or employed in a position in the Executive Office of the President at a rate of pay payable for level II of the Executive Schedule, or “(C) is appointed by the President to a position under section 105(a)(2)(A) of title 3 or by the Vice President to a position under section 106(a)(1)(A) of title 3, and who, within 1 year after the termination of that person’s service in that position, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any person described in paragraph (2), on behalf of any other person 103 STAT. 1719(except the United States), in connection with any matter on which such person seeks official action by any officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(2) Entities to which restrictions apply.— The persons referred to in paragraph (1) with respect to appearances or communications by a person in a position described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1) are— “(A) any officer or employee of any department or agency in which such person served in such position within a period of 1 year before such person’s service or employment with the United States Government terminated, and “(B) any other person appointed to a position in the executive branch which is listed in section 6312, 5313, 5314, 5315, or 5316 of title 5. “(e) Restrictions on Members of Congress and Officers and Employees of the Legislative Branch.— “(1) Members of congress and elected officers.—(A) Any person who is a Member of Congress or an elected officer of either House of Congress and who, within 1 year after that person leaves office, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any of the persons described in subparagraph (B) or (C), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former Member of Congress or elected officer seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(B) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a former Member of Congress are any Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, and any employee of any other legislative office of the Congress. “(C) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a former elected officer are any Member, officer, or employee of the House of Congress in which the elected officer served. “(2) Personal staff.—(A) Any person who is an employee of a Senator or an employee of a Member of the House of Representatives and who, within 1 year after the termination of that employment, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any of the persons described in subparagraph (B), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former employee seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(B) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a person who is a former employee are the following: “(i) the Senator or Member of the House of Representatives for whom that person was an employee; and “(ii) any employee of that Senator or Member of the House of Representatives. “(3) Committee staff.—Any person who is an employee of a committee of Congress and who, within 1 year after the termi-103 STAT. 1720nation of that person’s employment on such committee, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any person who is a Member or an employee of that committee or who was a Member of the committee in the year immediately prior to the termination of such person’s employment by the committee, on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former employee seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(4) Leadership staff.—(A) Any person who is an employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives or an employee on the leadership staff of the Senate and who, within 1 year after the termination of that person’s employment on such staff, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any of the persons described in subparagraph (B), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former employee seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(B) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a former employee are the following: “(i) in the case of a former employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives, those persons are any Member of the leadership of the House of Representatives and any employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives; and “(ii) in the case of a former employee on the leadership staff of the Senate, those persons are any Member of the leadership of the Senate and any employee on the leadership staff of the Senate. “(5) Other legislative offices.—(A) Any person who is an employee of any other legislative office of the Congress and who, within 1 year after the termination of that person’s employment in such office, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any of the persons described in subparagraph (B), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former employee seeks action by any officer or employee of such office, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(B) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a former employee are the employees and officers of the former legislative office of the Congress of the former employee. “(6) Limitation on restrictions.—The restrictions contained in paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5) apply only to acts by a former employee who, for at least 60 days, in the aggregate, during the 1-year period before that former employee’s service as such employee terminated, was paid for such service at a basic rate of pay equal to or greater than the basic rate of pay payable for GS–17 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5. “(7) Definitions.— As used in this subsection— 103 STAT. 1721 “(A) the term ‘committee of Congress’ includes standing committees, joint committees, and select committees; “(B) a person is an employee of a House of Congress if that person is an employee of the Senate or an employee of the House of Representatives; “(C) the term ‘employee of the House of Representatives’ means an employee of a Member of the House of Representatives, an employee of a committee of the House of Representatives, an employee of a joint committee of the Congress whose pay is disbursed by the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and an employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives; “(D) the term ‘employee of the Senate’ means an employee of a Senator, an employee of a committee of the Senate, an employee of a joint committee of the Congress whose pay is disbursed by the Secretary of the Senate, and an employee on the leadership staff of the Senate; “(E) a person is an employee of a Member of the House of Representatives if that person is an employee of a Member of the House of Representatives under the clerk hire allowance; “(F) a person is an employee of a Senator if that person is an employee in a position in the office of a Senator; “(G) the term ‘employee of any other legislative office of the Congress’ means an officer or employee of the Architect of the Capitol, the United States Botanic Garden, the General Accounting Office, the Government Printing Office, the Library of Congress, the Office of Technology Assessment, the Congressional Budget Office, the Copyright Royalty Tribunal, the United States Capitol Police, and any other agency, entity, or office in the legislative branch not covered by paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4) of this subsection; “(H) the term ‘employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives’ means an employee of the office of a Member of the leadership of the House of Representatives described in subparagraph (L), and any elected minority employee of the House of Representatives; “(I) the term ‘employee on the leadership staff of the Senate’ means an employee of the office of a Member of the leadership of the Senate described in subparagraph (M); “(J) the term ‘Member of Congress’ means a Senator or a Member of the House of Representatives; “(K) the term ‘Member of the House of Representatives’ means a Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress; “(L) the term ‘Member of the leadership of the House of Representatives’ means the Speaker, majority leader, minority leader, majority whip, minority whip, chief deputy majority whip, chief deputy minority whip, chairman of the Democratic Steering Committee, chairman and vice chairman of the Democratic Caucus, chairman, vice chairman, and secretary of the Republican Conference, chairman of the Republican Research Committee, and chairman of the Republican Policy Committee, of the House of Representatives (or any similar position created after the effective date set forth in section 102(a) of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989); 103 STAT. 1722 “(M) the term ‘Member of the leadership of the Senate’ means the Vice President, and the President pro tempore, Deputy President pro tempore, majority leader, minority leader, majority whip, minority whip, chairman and secretary of the Conference of the Majority, chairman and secretary of the Conference of the Minority, chairman and co-chairman of the Majority Policy Committee, and chairman of the Minority Policy Committee, of the Senate (or any similar position created after the effective date set forth in section 102(a) of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989). “(f) Restrictions Relating to Foreign Entities.— “(1) Restrictions.— Any person who is subject to the restrictions contained in subsection (c), (d), or (e) and who knowingly, within 1 year after leaving the position, office, or employment referred to in subsection (c), (d), or (e), as the case may be— “(A) represents the interests of a foreign entity before any officer or employee of any department or agency of the Government of the United States with the intent to influence a decision of such officer or employee in carrying out his or her official duties, or “(B) aids or advises a foreign entity with the intent to influence a decision of any officer or employee of any department or agency of the Government of the United States, in carrying out his or her official duties, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. “(2) Definition.—For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘foreign entity’ means the government of a foreign country as defined in section 1(e) of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, or a foreign political party as defined in section 1(f) of that Act.”. “(g) Special Rules for Detailees.—For purposes of this section, a person who is detailed from one department, agency, or other entity to another department, agency, or other entity shall, during the period such person is detailed, be deemed to be an officer or employee of both departments, agencies, or such entities. “(h) Designations of Separate Statutory Agencies and Bureaus— “(1) Designations.—For purposes of subsection (c) and except as provided in paragraph (2), whenever the Director of the Office of Government Ethics determines that an agency or bureau within a department or agency in the executive branch exercises functions which are distinct and separate from the remaining functions of the department or agency and that there exists no potential for use of undue influence or unfair advantage based on past Government service, the Director shall by rule designate such agency or bureau as a separate department or agency. On an annual basis the Director of the Office of Government Ethics shall review the designations and determinations made under this subparagraph and, in consultation with the department or agency concerned, make such additions and deletions as are necessary. Departments and agencies shall cooperate to the fullest extent with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics in the exercise of his or her responsibilities under this paragraph. “(2) Inapplicability of designations.—No agency or bureau within the Executive Office of the President may be designated under paragraph (1) as a separate department or agency. No 103 STAT. 1723designation under paragraph (1) shall apply to persons referred to in subsection (c)(2)(A) (i) or (iii). “(i) Definitions.—For purposes of this section— “(1) the term ‘intent to influence’ means the intent to affect any official action by a Government entity of the United States through any officer or employee of the United States, including Members of Congress; “(2) the term ‘participated’ means an action taken as an officer or employee through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation, or other such action; and “(3) the term ‘particular matter’ includes any investigation, application, request for a ruling or determination, rulemaking, contract, controversy, claim, charge, accusation, arrest, or judicial or other proceeding. “(j) Exceptions.— “(1) Official government duties.—The restrictions contained in subsections (a), (c), (d), and (e) shall not apply to acts done in carrying out official duties as an officer or employee of the United States Government or as an elected official of a State or local government “(2) State and local governments and institutions, hospitals, and organizations.— The restrictions contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not apply to acts done in carrying out official duties as an employee of— “(A) an agency or instrumentality of a State or local government if the appearance, communication, or representation is on behalf of such government or “(B) an accredited, degree-granting institution of higher education, as defined in section 1201(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965, or a hospital or medical research organization, exempted and defined under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, if the appearance, communication, or representation is on behalf of such institution, hospital, or organization. “(3) International organizations.—The restrictions contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not apply to an appearance or communication on behalf of, or advice or aid to, an international organization of which the United States is a member. “(4) Personal matters and special knowledge.—The restrictions contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not apply to appearances or communications by a former officer or employee concerning matters of a personal and individual nature, such as personal income taxes or pension benefits; nor shall the prohibitions of those subsections prevent a former officer or employee from making or providing a statement, which is based on the former officer’s or employee’s own special knowledge in the particular area that is the subject of the statement, if no compensation is thereby received, other than that regularly provided for by law or regulation for witnesses. “(5) Exception for scientific or technological information.—The restrictions contained in subsections (a), (c), (d), and (e) shall not apply with respect to the making of communications solely for the purpose of furnishing scientific or technological information, if such communications are made under procedures acceptable to the department or agency concerned 103 STAT. 1724or if the head of the department or agency concerned with the particular matter, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics, makes a certification, published in the Federal Register, that the former officer or employee has outstanding qualifications in a scientific, technological, or other technical discipline, and is acting with respect to a particular matter which requires such qualifications, and that the national interest would be served by the participation of the former officer or employee. “(6) Exception for testimony.—Nothing in this section shall prevent a former Member of Congress or officer or employee of the executive or legislative branch or an independent agency (including the Vice President and any special Government employee) from giving testimony under oath, or from making statements required to be made under penalty of perjury. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a former officer or employee subject to the restrictions contained in subsection (a)(1) with respect to a particular matter may not, except pursuant to court order, serve as an expert witness for any other person (except the United States) in that matter.”. (b) Conforming Amendment.—The item relating to section 207 in the table of sections at the beginning of chapter 11 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: “207. Restrictions on former officers, employees, and elected officials of the executive and legislative branches.”