LAC 28:LIII.1101. Definitions

Aerobic Activityany sustained exercise that stimulates and strengthens the heart and lungs, thereby improving the body’s use of oxygen. Examples of aerobic exercise include jogging, rowing, swimming, or cycling. Aerobic Capacitythe maximum rate at which the body or an individual muscle can take up and use oxygen from the air; also known as maximal oxygen consumption (uptake) or VO2 max. Affectivetraits and feelings associated with social, personal, and emotional development. Agilitythe ability to change direction quickly while the body is in motion. Anaerobic Activityany short-duration exercise that is powered primarily by metabolic pathways that do not use oxygen. Examples of anaerobic exercise include sprinting and weight lifting. Body Compositionthe proportion of fat-free mass (e.g., muscle, bone, organs, and tissues) to fat mass in the body. Body Mass Index (BMI)formula used to assess body fat based on a ratio between height and weight. Cardiovascular Endurancea component of health-related fitness that describes the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to the muscles during exercise. Circuit Trainingtraining that involves several different exercises or activities. This type of training allows variation in the intensity or type of activity from station to station. Closed Skillsmotor skills that are performed in an environment that is stable and predictable. Competencythe development of sufficient skill and knowledge to enjoy participation in the activity at a recreational level. For example, a person is considered competent in performing psycho- motor skills when he/she can perform the task consistently with good technique. Complex Movement Sequencesmovements that require a combination of motor skills. Components of Health-Related Fitnessaspects of physical fitness that help one stay healthy. Examples include: 1. body compositionall of the tissues that together make up the body: bone, muscle, skin, fat, and body organs; 2. cardiovascular endurancethe ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to use and send fuel and oxygen to the body’s tissues during long periods of moderate-to-vigorous activity; 3. flexibilitythe ability to move the joints through a full range of motion; 4. muscular skeletal endurance and strengththe ability of the muscles to perform physical tasks over a period of time without becoming fatigued, and the amount of force a muscle can exert. Components of Skill-Related Fitnessaspects of physical fitness that help one perform well in sports and other activities that require certain physical skills. Examples include: 1. agilitythe ability to change body position quickly and to control one’s physical movements; 2. balancethe ability to keep an upright posture while stationary or moving; 3. coordinationthe ability to use senses together with body parts, or to use two or more body parts together; 4. powerthe ability to use strength quickly; 5. reaction timethe ability to react or respond quickly to what one hears, sees, or feels; 6. speedthe ability to perform a movement or cover a distance in a short period of time. Cool-Downa period of light activity following exercise that allows the body to return to near resting. Cooperativeworking or acting together for a common purpose. Coordinationthe ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently. Defensea means or method of defending or protecting. Developmentally Appropriate Activitiesactivities that are appropriately based on a student’s developmental level, age, ability level, interests, and previous experience and knowledge. Directionsrefers to movement concepts of forward, backward, sideways, right, left, up, down, clockwise and counter clockwise. Effortdefines how the body moves and consists of three components: time (faster or slower), force (harder or softer), and flow (bound or free). Emerging Patternthe beginning stage of acquiring motor skills and knowledge. Exercisephysical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, and results in the improvement or maintenance of personal fitness. FITTfrequency, intensity, time, and type. Four key ways that activity can be manipulated to create a desired health related fitness outcome. Field/Striking Gamesgames in which one team occupies positions throughout the space (field) and the other team tries to score by batting or striking an object into open space, with enough time for the hitter to run between bases (or wickets). Fine Motor Skillssmall muscle group movements used for accuracy. Fitness Plana plan developed after a self-assessment of the health related components of fitness. The plan should include the principles of overload, progression, specificity, regularity, and individuality along with the FITT guidelines. Fleeingtraveling quickly away from a pursuing person or object. Flexibilitythe ability to move the joints through the full range of motion. Flowindicates a constant movement rate (slow, medium or fast). Forcethe effort or tension generated through muscle contraction during a push or pull action. Formative Assessmentan initial or intermediate evaluation that occurs throughout an instructional process in the forms of teacher observation, peer observation, rating, checklists, and so forth, and involves both the teacher and the student in reflection and review of progress. The evaluation is used to improve learning and performance and to provide feedback and enables a student to target weaknesses. Fundamental Motor Skillfoundation movements that are precursor patterns to the more specialized, complex skills (body management skills, locomotor skills, and manipulative skills) that are used in play, games, sports, dance, gymnastics, outdoor education, and physical recreation. GLEgrade level expectation. Games 1. invasion gamesgames in which teams score by moving an object into another team’s territory and either shooting into a fixed target (a goal or basket) or moving the object across an open-ended target (a line); 2. net/wall gamesteam or players score by hitting a ball into open court space with accuracy so the opponent cannot return it back before bouncing once (i.e. volleyball or badminton) or twice (i.e. tennis or racquetball; 3. striking/fielding gamesgames in which players on the batting team must strike an object with accuracy to elude players on the fielding teach (i.e. baseball, cricket), which provides the hitter time to run between safe destinations (i.e. bases or wickets); 4. target gamesgames in which players score by throwing or striking an object to a target, which can be opposed (i.e. shuffleboard) or unopposed (i.e. golf). General Spacethe area outside of an individual’s personal space and within the boundaries of movement, such as in a classroom, field, or gym. HFZhealthy fitness zone. Health-Enhancing Physical Activityactivity that, when added to baseline activity, produces health benefits. Brisk walking, jumping rope, dancing, tennis, soccer, lifting weights, climbing on playground equipment at recess, and doing yoga are all examples of health-enhancing physical activity. Health Related Fitnesslevel of physiological functioning in: 1. cardiovascular endurance; 2. strength; 3. muscular endurance; 4. flexibility; and 5. body composition. Heart Ratethe number of heartbeats occurring within a specified length of time Implementdevice used in the performance of a manipulative task. Indicators of Healthphysical, mental, emotional, and social functioning. Individualitythe training principle that takes into account that each person begins at a different level of fitness, each person has personal goals and objectives for physical activity and fitness, and each person has different genetic potential for change. Individual-Performance Activitiesactivities that do not involve teamwork. Intrinsic Motivationa desire to seek out new things and new challenges that is driven by personal interest or enjoyment in the task and does not rely on external pressures or a desire for reward. Isokineticrelating to muscular action with a constant rate of movement. Isometric Exercisean action in which a muscle generates tension without changing length. Isotonic Contractionan action in which tension remains constant, despite a change in muscle length. Leading Passa throw in which a manipulative is thrown ahead of the intended receiver so that the receiver can catch the manipulative while in motion. Lead-Up Activity/Gamean activity or modified game developed to limit the number of skills needed for successful participation. Levelrefers to the movement concepts of high, medium, and low. Lifestyle Activitiesphysical activities that a person carries out in the course of daily life and that can contribute to sizeable energy expenditure. Lifetime Activityan activity that is suitable for participation across the lifespan. Locomotor Skill/Movementsbasic movements performed while moving the body from place to place. MVPAmoderate to vigorous physical activity. Manipulativean object designed to be moved by hand as a means of developing motor skills. Manipulative Movementsbasic motor skills involving handling an object. Examples include throwing, catching, kicking, rolling, dribbling, trapping, striking, and volleying. Manipulative Skillmovement done to or with objects with hands, or involving the feet, hands, or other parts of the body. Masteryshowing great skill or knowledge. Mature Formperformance of critical elements of a skill in a smooth and continuous motion. Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)the fastest rate at which a heart will beat in one minute. Modified Gamesgames in which the rules have been modified to emphasize use of specific skills, maximize physical activity and /or practice opportunities. Motor Skill Combinationsactions involving two or more different motor skills, including gross motor skills and fine motor skills: 1. continuous skillsactions repeated one after another such as basketball dribble, and do not have a clearly defined beginning and end; 2. discrete skillsactions unconnected to other skills such as the volleyball pass, and have a clear beginning and end. Movement Challengea movement task that involves problem solving. Movement Conceptsknowledge and understanding of movement such as body awareness (what the body can do), space awareness (where does the body move), qualities of movement (how does the body move), and relationships (with whom and with what does the body move). Muscular Endurancethe ability of the muscles to perform physical tasks over a period of time without becoming fatigued. Muscular Strengththe maximal force that one can exert when contracting muscles. Musculoskeletal Fitnessa combination of muscular strength, muscular endurance, and power. MyPlatea food guidance system that translates nutritional recommendations into the types and amounts of food to eat each day; a widely recognized nutrition education tool. See ChooseMyPlate.gov. Non-Locomotor Skillmovement of the body around an axis or joint (e.g., bend, stretch, twist, and reach). Norm-Referenced Standardsmaking an evaluative decision based on how a performance compares with that of others, typically of the same gender, age, or class. Offensea means or methods of attacking or attempting to score. Open Skillmotor skills that are performed in a changing environment. Open Spacea space where there are no defenders/opponents. Overloadingincreasing the work done by muscles to above normal levels, but below the loads that would cause injury or distress, to improve fitness. PACERprogressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run. A test for cardiorespiratory fitness. Pacingan established rate of locomotion. Pathwaysrefers to movement patterns of curved, zig-zag, or straight locomotion. Personal Spacethe area immediately surrounding a person. Physical Activity (PA)bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. Physical Educationan education course that helps students develop the knowledge, fitness levels, motor skills, and personal/social skills to obtain the ultimate goal of a lifetime of physical activity and health. Physical Fitnessthe ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and respond to emergencies. Physical Literacya disposition acquired by individuals encompassing the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and understanding that establishes purposeful physical pursuits as an integral part of a lifestyle. Powerthe ability to move body parts swiftly while at the same time applying the maximum force on muscles. Proficiencythe ability of the individual to demonstrate the criteria of a given task has been met. Progressionthe process of increasing the intensity, duration, frequency, or amount of activity or exercise as the body adapts to a given activity pattern. Protocola system of rules or directions that explain the correct conduct and the procedures to be followed in formal situations. Range of Motion (ROM)varying degrees of motion around a joint. Reaction Timethe ability to react or respond quickly to what one hears, sees, or feels. Recessa temporary break from structured learning where children can choose to be physically active or engage in social interactions. Recovery Timetime or rest between exercises. Regularityprinciple that states physical activity must be performed on a regular basis to be effective and that long periods of inactivity can lead to loss of the benefits achieved during the training period. Repetitionthe number of times that an exercise is performed during one set. Respiratory Systemrelating to breathing. System in the body that takes in and distributes oxygen. Rhythmic Skillsmovement that aligns to a steady pulse or musical beat. Examples include creative movement to music, multicultural dance, and jump rope. SMART Goalscriteria for setting useful objectives. SMART goals are: 1. specific; 2. measurable; 3. attainable/achievable; 4. realistic/relevant; and 5. timely/time bound/timeline. Scoring Rubricdescriptive scoring schemes developed by educators to guide the analysis of student work (i.e. the products or processes of student efforts). Self-Assessment 1. the student assesses personal progress as opposed to being assessed by the teacher or by other students. Self-assessments include: a. rating scales for levels of performance; b. participation; c. recording performance scores (e.g., distance, accuracy); and d. summary report after a series of assessment tasks (e.g., dribbling, throwing for accuracy and distance, jump shooting, physical fitness profiles), and questionnaire of likes and dislikes in activities; 2. self-assessment is a part of logs, journals, and portfolios as students evaluate personal performance or progress toward goals. Self-Spacethe space that one’s body or body parts can reach without traveling away from a starting location. Setusually 8-12 repetitions of a given exercise. Situational Context Cluesawareness of surroundings. For example, awareness of being followed by someone. Skill Themesa way of teaching children how to participate effectively in various activities by focusing on the development of the necessary skills. Skill themes include locomotor skills, non-manipulative skills, and manipulative skills. Skill-Related Fitnessthose components of physical fitness that relate to an enhanced performance in sports: agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, and reaction time. Skills Performancedemonstrating ability to do a specific task well; improves with practice. Small-Sided Gamesgames consisting of 3-6 people per team. This allows more practice time and more physical movement for each student compared to the full version of the game. Examples include 2v2 basketball, 3v3 volleyball, and 6v6 lacrosse. Spatial Awarenessthe relation of objects in relation to one’s own body. Specificitythe training principle that states, improvement in personal fitness will occur in the particular muscles that are overloaded during physical activity or exercise. For example: working on a certain component of fitness, such as flexibility exercises, directly improves flexibility. Speedthe ability to perform a movement or cover a distance in a short period of time. Sportsmanshipfairness, conduct, and attitude befitting participants in sports, especially fair play, courtesy, respect for one's opponent, and graciousness in winning or losing. Static Balancestate of equilibrium, without movement or the ability to retain one’s center of mass above one’s base of support in a stationary position. Strategya careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal, usually over a period of time. Stretch 1. dynamic stretchinga form of stretching beneficial in sports using momentum from form, and the momentum from static-active stretching strength, in an effort to propel the muscle into an extended range of motion not exceeding one’s static-passive stretching ability; 2. static stretcha slow sustained stretch of a muscle for 10-30 seconds. This static stretch should be performed after warming up the body. Striketo come into contact with an object via hand or handled implement. To perform various striking skills. For example, to place ball away from opponent in a racket sport, to place an overhead volleyball serve, or to punt a football. Student Projectstudents engage in building a scenario, determining goals, planning a program of participation to achieve outcomes, and implementing the plan to the completion of the goals. Student projects provide for a range of strategies and results including the following: the application of the processes of data collection, goal setting, planning, analysis, decision making, problem solving; development and application of skill, and knowledge to real-life situations to solve problems or create “new” interventions to reach personal goals and may include: 1. multiple objectives or outcomes; 2. combine multiple assessment options (e.g., logs, journals, and reports); 3. student autonomy in choosing procedures and reaching conclusions; 4. solo or multiple students; 5. multiple resources; 6. changes in status, behaviors or conditions; 7. authenticity; 8. performance products; 9. flexibility of time (complexity of task determines time); and/or 10. integration of multiple content areas, concepts and applications. Summative Assessmenta final evaluation that typically come at the end of key stages, units or the year in the use of standardized tests or evaluation instruments, and provides a summary of student learning or attainment at a particular point in time. The tool is used to make judgments about student performance, and also provides quality assurance to courses. Tacticsthe art or skill of employing available means to accomplish an end. Taggera person who safely and appropriately touches a person or object. Taggingtraveling quickly toward a person or object for a safe touch. Target Gamesgames in which players score by throwing or striking an object to a target. Target Heart Rate (THR)also known as training heart rate, THR is the range of heart rate desired during aerobic exercise to enable the heart and lungs to receive the most benefit from the workout. Calculation of THR is based primarily on age; however, physical condition, sex, and previous training also are used in the calculation. The THR can be calculated as percent intensity. Target Heart Rate Zonethe range of above-normal activity that optimizes an increase in fitness usually between 60-80 percent of maximum heart rate. Teamworka cooperative effort by the members of a group or team to achieve a common goal. Training Principle 1. overload; 2. specificity; 3. progression; 4. reversibility; and 5. diminishing return. Trajectorythe path followed by an object moving through space. Transitionan act or process of passing from one state, stage, or place to another. Vigorous Activityactivity full of physical or mental strength or active force carried out forcefully and energetically. Volleya shot or kick made by hitting an object before the object touches the ground. Warm-upa variety of low intensity activities designed to prepare the body for more vigorous activities. Weight-Bearing Exerciseany activity done while on one’s feet and legs, and that works the muscles and bones against gravity. Weight Transfermovement of body weight from one body part to another. Wellnessan overall state of being in good health-physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social health.