07-03
Obligations of the Committee on Transportation and the Legislature as a whole with respect to the allocation of Highway Funds to the State Police in the budget
Cite as Me. Op. Att'y Gen. 07-03
MAINE STATE LEGISLATURE
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G. STEVEN ROWE
ATTORNEY GENERAL
TEL: (207) 626-8800
TTY 1-888-577-6690
STATE OF MAINE
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
6 STATE HOUSE STATION
AUGUSTA, MAINE 04333,0006
July 5, 2007
Hon. Dennis Damon, Senate Chair
Hon. Boyd Marley, House Chair
Joint Standing Committee on Transportation
100 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0100
Dear Senator Damon, Representative Marley, and Members of the Committee:
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You have asked for my opinion as to the obligations of both the Committee on
Transportation and the Legislature as a whole with respect to the allocation of Highway Funds to
the State Police in the budget. Your question arises in the context of certain conclusions reached
by the Office of Program Evaluation and Government Accountability ("OPEGA") in a report it
issued in February 2007 entitled, "Highway Fund Eligibility at the Department of Public
Safety-an Analysis of Select Departmental Activities" ("OPEGA Report").
This Office has previously opined that the Legislature has a responsibility to make a good
faith, fact-based determination as to the uses of Highway Fund money that comply with the
limitations of Article IX, section 19 of the Maine Constitution ("section 19") (see discussion in
Part II, below). We have also opined that in making this determination, the Legislature was not
bound to accept the factual findings of the State Auditor concerning the proper allocation of
Highway Fund money to the State Police. Op. Me. Att'y Gen. 80-41. We believe that these
conclusions are equally applicable in the instant circumstances. The Legislah1re is obligated to
make a good faith effort to determine what portion of the State Police budget can be allocated to
activities that come within the limitations of section 19, but in making that determination neither
the Transportation Committee nor the Legislature is bound by the conclusions reached by the
OPEGA Report. Since it is the Legislature that bears the responsibility for deciding how to
PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER
07-03
allocate Highway Fund revenues, it is within the Legislature's power to decide whether the
conclusions presented in the OPEGA Report provide a sufficient factual basis upon which to
make that allocation.
We begin with a description of the history of section 19. We then outline the case law
and prior opinions of the Attorney General that are relevant to your question.
I.
The Highway Fund in the Maine Constitution, Article IX, Section 19
A1iicle IX, section 19 of the Maine Constitution reads:
All revenues derived from fees, excises and license taxes relating to registration,
operation and use of vehicles on public highways, and to fuels used for propulsion of
such vehicles shall be expended solely for cost of administration, statutory refunds and
adjustments, payment of debts and liabilities incurred in construction and reconstruction
of highways and bridges, the cost of construction, reconstruction, maintenance and repair
of public highways and bridges under the direction and supervision of a state department
having jurisdiction over such highways and bridges and expense for state enforcement of
traffic laws and_ shall not be diverted for any purpose, provided that these limitations shall
not apply to revenue from an excise tax on motor vehicles imposed in lieu of personal
property tax. ·
The Law Court discussed the history of section 19 in Portland Pipe Line Corp. v.
Environmental Improvement Commission, 307 A.2d 1, 16-22 (Me. 1973). While section 19 was
adopted by the people in 1943, the motor vehicle fuels tax ("gas tax") began in 1923.
The plan of the "gasoline tax" was to focus on those who derived benefits as users of the
highway system as the class subject to the tax. While the entire tax has never been
subject to an exemption, that pmi imposed without exemption was rationalized as a
minimum payment by otherwise exempt users for residual benefits derived from good
roads. The minimum gasoline tax collected from otherwise exempt users has also been
expended for purposes other than specified in A1iicle IX, Section 19. It is apparent to this
Comi that the gasoline tax statutes are intended to result in taxation of highway users.
Id. at 19 (footnotes omitted).
The Court goes on to note that in 1934 Congress enacted a requirement that federal
highway funds be withheld from any state that did not apply gasoline taxes and other taxes on
motor vehicle owners and operators to highway purposes. 1 In response, an initiated bill
"reserving for highway purposes the taxes derived from the 'tax imposed on internal combustion
fuel"' was approved by the people at the general election held in November 1936. Id. at 21.
1 This federal statute, subsequently codified at 23 U.S.C. § 126, was repealed in 1998.
2
This citizen initiated measure has remained in statute since then in very nearly its original
language, and appears now at 23 M.R.S.A. § 1653 ("the Highway Fund statute").2 A side-by-
side comparison of the initiated law and the Highway Fund statute is set forth in Attachment A to
this opinion. Since its inception, this statutory language has provided that the General Highway
Fund is to be used first to satisfy obligations arising from state highway and bridge construction
bonds, vvith the remainder to be "apportioned and expended solely" for: 1) "the cost of
registering motor vehicles and licensing the operators thereof;" 2) "maintenance of the State
highway police" (1936) or "State Police" ( current version); 3) "administration of the office and
duties" of the State Highway Commission (in 1936), and subsequently the Department of
Transpmiation; 4) "administration of the tax on internal combustion engine fuel;" 5) "payment of
rebates on said tax;" 6) "improvement, construction and maintenance of highways and bridges;"
and 7) "snow guards or removal." 193 7 Laws of Maine 73 7 and the Highway Fund statute.
Thus, since 1936, the statute has specifically authorized the use of the Highway Fund to
support the State Police. The statute was not repealed or modified when A1iicle IX, section 19
was adopted in 194 3 .. It should be noted that the language of section 19 ( quoted on page 2
above) is different from that of the Highway Fund statute (Attachment A hereto) in two respects.
First, some of the permitted uses of the Highway Fund are described in a slightly different
manner. For example, instead of the specific reference in the Highway Fund statute to the State
Police, section 19 refers to "expense for state enforcement of traffic laws."
The other distinction between the language of section 19 and the Highway Fund statute is
that in describing the revenues that are subject to its terms, section 19 does not include fines,
forfeitures and costs accruing to the State for motor vehicle violations under 29-A M.R.S.A. §
2602 (Attachment B hereto). 3 As a result, these fines, forfeitures and costs are not subject to the
spending restrictions of section 19, and the Legislature is constitutionally free to spend them for
other purposes. It is our understanding that fines, forfeitures and penalties that go into the
Highway Fund under the Highway Fund statute are treated the same as those revenues whose use
is restricted by section 19. However, while these revenues are not treated differently for
spending purposes than other revenues to the Highway Fund, fines, forfeitures and penalties are
separately accounted for as a source of revenue to the Highway Fund.4 In other words, the
Legislature could identify these funds and choose to spend them differently if it wished.
2 In 1937, the Legislature amended the statute to allow these funds to be used temporarily for other than highway
purposes pending collection of general revenues. Other than this, and updating the statutory cross-reference and
name of the Department of Transportation, the statute remains the same as that approved by the voters in 193 6.
3 While revenues from this source are directed into the Highway Fund under the Highway Fund statute, section 2602
carves out portions of these same revenues and directs that they be deposited in the General Fund.
4 See, e.g., Highway Fund Revenue, Revenue Forecasting Committee Recommendations~March 2007,
http://www.rnainc.gov/legis/ofpr/2007-M ar-Hf .pd f.
3
11.
Case Law and Opinions on Constitutional Uses of the Highway Fund
The principles governing the interpretation of a provision of the Constitution are
discussed in the Portland Pipe Line5 case as follows:
The rule.s which guide this Court in determining the meaning of constitutional provisions
are set fmih in Opinion of the Justices, 142 Jvle. 409, 60 A.2d 903 (1947). There we said
[,] '[t]he fundamental rule of construction of statutory and constitutional provisions is
that the language shall be interpreted in accordance with the intention with which it was
used, if that result may be accomplished by giving words their ordinary and usuaY
significance.' And fmiher, '[i]t is proper in construing constitutional language to give
decisive weight to the history of its development.'.. . The Supreme Judicial Comi of
Massachusetts, in construing a constitutional amendment, stated that the amendment ...
'was written to be understood by the voters to whom it was submitted for approval. It is
to be interpreted in the sense most obvious to the common intelligence.'
Id, 307 A.2d at 18 (quoting Opinion of the Justices, 142 Me. 409, 60 A.2d 903 (1947), and Yant
v. Secreta,y of Commonwealth, 275 Mass. 365, 366, 176 N.E. 1, 2 (1931).
The Justices of the Supreme Judicial Cou1i have on two occasions offered their views
about the constitutional limits on uses of the Highway Fund.6 In the first of these opinions, the
use of Highway Fund money to cover the cost of relocating utility facilities due to interstate
construction was challenged. Five of the Justices concluded that although the state had the
authority to pay for the cost of relocating such facilities if it chose, it could not constitutionally
use Highway Funds for this purpose because the relocation could not be construed as
construction or reconstruction of a highway within the meaning of Article IX, section 19. "The
language of the Constitution should not, in our view, be extended beyond its plain and ordinary
meaning." Opinion of the Justices, 152 Me .. 449,456, 132 A.2d 440 (1957). However, one
Justice declined to find that section 19 prohibited use of Highway Funds for this purpose, finding
that interpretation too narrow.
I am satisfied that the limitation placed upon the expenditure of highway funds was
designed and intended to prevent raids on those funds for purposes entirely unrelated to
the highway program. In my view expenditures which may reasonably be considered
incidental to the construction or reconstruction of highways may properly be met out of
highway funds whenever the Legislature elects.
152 Me. at 456.
5 The issues on the merits in this case are not relevant to your question. The Court decided that a license fee on
over-the-water transfers of petroleum products was not covered by section 19 and thus not subject to its revenue
restrictions.
6 "Advisory opinions provided by the individual justices pursuant to Article VI, section 3 are not binding decisions
of the Supreme Judicial Comi sitting as the Law Court. Such opinions are expressed 'without the benefit of full
factual development, oral argument, or full briefing by all interested parties."' Opinion of the Justices, 680 A.2d
444,447 (Me. 1996), quoting Opini.on of the Justices, 673 A.2d 693, 695 (Me._1996). However, "such opinions
provide guidance on present and future controversies." Opinion of the Justices, 2002 ME 169, il 7, 815 A.2d
791,795.
4
Considering the same issue in the same year, the Justices of the New Hampshire Supreme
Court took the position that drew the support of only one tfaine Justice, concluding that the cost
of relocating utility facilities required because of the relocation of a highway could appropriately
be paid out of revenues governed by a constitutional provision worded in a manner very similar
to Maine's. Opinion of the Justices, 132 A.2d 613 (N.H. 1957). These disparate results
highlight the difficulty in construing section 19: in the absence of definitions of the prescribed
Highway Fund uses, there is room for reasonable interpretations to differ on issues such as
whether reasonably incidental expenses can be included. 7
We have found no Maine cases that specifically address how to determine the appropriate
extent of Highway Fund support for a program that does not fall wholly within the purposes
specified in section 19. The Legislature has historically demonstrated its judgment on this issue
through appropriations to such programs. With respect to funding the State Police, the OPEGA
Report contains data reflecting Highway Fund funding levels of the major appropriation directed
to the State Police that are predominantly in the range from 74-90% for the period from 1946 to
1997, with dips to 50% for 1958-1961 and the year 1990. Since 1998, Highway Fund support
for this same appropriation has ranged from 60-65%. See Table 5, State Police App. Program
(0291) Ratio 1946-2006, OPEGA Report at 13.
The Justices of the New Hampshire Supreme Comi have addressed the funding the State
Police using that state's Highway Trust Fund in this way:
In our opinion the express language of pt. II, ari. 6-a 'including the supervision of traffic
thereon' authorizes the expenditure of such funds for the enforcement of traffic laws and
the patrolling of the highways. This is consistent with the constitutional convention
history of the aiiicle. See Jour. N.H. Const. Conv. 148-49 (May 25, 1938). We note that
a substantial part of the budget of the division of state police for the communication and
traffic bureaus is and has been funded from revenues drawn from the highway trust fund.
Such funding does not violate pt. II, art. 6-a provided the amount of funding from
highway trust funds is in the propo1iion that the work of a particular bureau relates to the
supervision of traffic, including the enforcement of traffic laws.
Opinion of the Justices, 371 A.2d 1189, 1190-1 (N.H. 1977). 8
As discussed above, since its original approval by the voters, the Highway Fund statute
has identified the State Police as an appropriate recipient of Highway Fund money to support its
operations. The question of how to properly allocate the State Police budget between the
Highway Fund and other funding sources has been addressed by this Office in a prior opinion
7 There is one other opinion concerning section 19, but it sheds no light on the issue we address here. In Opinion of
the Justices, 157 Me. I 04, 170 A.2d 64 7 (1961 ), the Justices agreed that a resolve to reimburse an auto agency and
repair shop for loss of business during bridge and road construction could not be funded by Highway Fund money.
This conclusion is based on the fact that the contemplated award would not fall within the language "payment of
debts and liabilities incun-ed in construction" since it would constitute an outright grant.
8 The Collli also commented on a statutory provision similar to Maine's requiring that motor vehicle fines be paid
into the Highway Trust Fund, saying: "Because these funds are not revenues from the sources set forth in pt. I I, art.
6-a, N .H. Constitution, they do not in our opinion fall within the restrictions of that atiicle." Id., at 1191.
5
that also considers the question of whether the Legislature is bound by findings of fact made by
the State Auditor concerning the portion of State Police activities that are appropriate to support
with Highway Funds.
9 The Legislature had provided:
The Department of Audit shall evaluate and determine the pmiion of State Police
activities related to
highway transp01iation and that p01iion related to other
responsibilities. The purpose is to consider on a factual basis that portion of the State
Police budget which should be supported from the Highway Fund and General Fund
respectively.
P.L. 1977, c. 423, § 5.
The Auditor provided his conclusions by letter stating that the existing State Police
funding ratio of 75% Highway Fund and 25% General Fund should be changed to 65% and 35%,
respectively, based on a manpower study of the State Police. The then chairs of the
Transportation Committee then asked the Attorney General whether the Legislature was required
to make this adjustment. 10
The essence of the question posed in your letter, we think, is whether the Committee on
Transportation is constitutionally bound by the State Auditor's determination. In our
opinion it is not.
It is clear that the Legislature (not the State Auditor) has the
responsibility of how to allocate revenues from the General Highway Fund. 23 M.R.S.A.
§ 1651. In our opinion the 108th Legislature did not delegate this responsibility to the
State Auditor. Rather, we intei-pret the 1977 law as directing the State Auditor to assist
the Legislature to better enable the Legislature to make a determination.
Op. Me. Att'y Gen. 80-41.
Having concluded that the Legislature would not have been bound by the State Auditor's
determinations even if it had intended to delegate this responsibility, the opinion describes the
Legislature's responsibility as follows:
In the final analysis, then, it is the task of the 109th Legislature to determine whether
adjustments are needed to the present funding ratios for the State Police in order to
comply with Section 1 9 of A1iicle IX of the Maine Constitution. If the Legislature
determines in good faith that the State Auditor's judgment concerning the allocation of
the expenses of the State Police is not accurate and that the existing ratio continues to be
appropriate, then it is fully within the power of the Legislature to make that
determination. If, on the other hand, the Legislature determines that the State Auditor's
evaluation of the funding ratibs is accurate, then the Legislature, in conformity with
Article IX, Section 19, should change the existing funding ratios.
9 These opinions, provided to the OPEGA staff, are Appendix A to the OPEGA Report.
10 These facts are recited in the opinion. We have not been able to locate the Auditor's letter.
6
Addressing the same question in a subsequent opinion, the Attorney General stated:
Put most simply, a determination of the percentage of the State Police budget actually
utilized for traffic enforcement is a question of fact which cannot be resolved in a legal
opinion. In our view, the Constitution contemplates that the Legislature will make a good
faith resolution of this question and that the appropriations from the Highway Fund will
be in accordance with its factual conclusions. In sh01i, insuring compliance with art. IX,
§ 19 of the Maine Constitution is in the first instance the responsibility of the Legislature.
Op. Me. Att'y Gen. 81-16.
As with the State Auditor's repo1i described in the 1980 Attorney General's opinion, the
OPEGA Report is the result of a study requested by the Legislature's Transpo1iation Committee.
It is based on available information, and utilizes a detailed analytical framework that
incorporates certain specified assumptions. As we pointed out in our 1980 opinion, assessment
of the facts and conclusions reached in such a report is a fact-based matter that is within the
province of the Legislature, and cannot be made in a legal opinion. This is also the approach
taken by the Justices of the New Hampshire Supreme Court when confronted with a challenge to
the proper allocation of costs where funds dedicated to highways were involved.
There are numerous factual issues that could be deemed relevant to the ultimate
conclusion of how much Highway Fund support can be given to the programs of the State Police,
and how much reliance to place on OPEGA's conclusions. The approach taken by OPEGA was
to select three specific appropriation programs that fund po1iions of the Depmiment of Public
Safety, focusing primarily on expenditures and activities in state fiscal year 2005. OPEGA
Repo1i at 5-6. With respect to the State Police, the appropriation that OPEGAselected accounts
for 79% of total expenditures. Id., at 13. State Police activities suppmied by federal funds were
not evaluated for Highway Fund eligibility. Id., at 10. Other valid approaches that might
produce different results for purposes of comparison would include reviewing all State Police
expenditures and/or including more years of data.
Perhaps more impo1iantly, OPEGA discovered that it could not carry out its intention of
unde1iaking a traditional, activity-based cost allocation analysis due to the absence of 1) a clear
definition of what constitutes Highway Fund eligibility and 2) State Police activity data that
either is or can be closely linked with financial data. Id., at 2, 6-10. As a result, OPEGA .
qualifies its analysis at the outset of its report by explaining that it is unable to reach any
definitive conclusion in the absence of these elements. Id., at 2.
Of these two issues, the lack of a specific definition of activities eligible for Highway
Fund support may be the less problematic from a legal perspective. As a practical matter, the
Legislature's budget enactments reflect its determination (whether explicit or implicit) of what
activities are properly supported by the Highway Fund. Moreover, while adopting a definition of
eligible activities would be a useful policymaking exercise, any definition that might be provided
by the Legislature would not bind its successors to the same interpretation. In contrast, the lack
of reliable activity data presents a significant obstacle to any fact-based assessment. See OPEGA
Report at 8-10.
7
It is our understanding that the State Police plan to collect more detailed data for the
Committee's consideration in the future. As we have previously opined, the Legislature has a
responsibility to make a good faith, fact-based determination as to the uses of Highway Fund
money that comply with the limitations of A1iicle IX, section 19 of the Maine Constitution. It is
the prerogative of the Legislature to decide what information it requires to unde1iake that
analysis, and to make the policy judgments necessary to determine what activities are appropriate
to charge against the Highway Fund. In our opinion, the comis will likely defer to the
Legislature's judgment on these factual issues as long as there is a reasonable basis for that
judgment.
I hope this information is helpful.
Sincerely, ~
G. STEVEN ROWE
Attorney General
8
i
Attachment A
COMPARISON OF 1937 INITIATED LA vV AND 2007 STATUTE GOVERNING
USE OF HIGHvVAY FUND MONEY
Initiative Approved by the Voters,
23 M.R.S.A. § 1653
1937 Laws of Maine 736
§1653. Limitation on use of fund
All revenues received by the State from the registration of
All revenue received by the State from the registration of
motor vehicles, and the licensing of operators thereof, from the
motor vehicles and the licensing of operators thereof, from the
tax imposed on internal combustion engine fuel, from fines,
tax imposed on internal comb_ustion engine fuel, from fines,
forfeitures and costs accruing to the State under Section 1 I 8 of
forfeitures and costs accruing to the State under Title 29-A,
Chapter 29 of the Revised Statutes, as amended, and from
section 2602, and from permits granted by the department to
permits granted by the State Highway Commission to open
highways, shall be segregated, allocated to and become a part
open highways must be segregated, allocated to and become part
of the general highway fund created and existing by Chapter
of the General Highway Fund created and existing by statute,
251 of the Public Laws of 1931 and Chapter 175 of the Public
and after payment and deduction from such fund of such sums as
Laws of 1933; and after payment and deduction from such
are necessary to meet all provisions of bond issues for state
fund of such sums as are necessary to meet all provisions of
bond issues for State highway and bridge construction, the
highway and bridge construction, the remainder of such fund
remainder of such fund shall be apportioned and expended
must be apportioned and expended solely:
solely
1. Registration and licensing. For the cost of registering
for the cost of registering motor vehicles and licensing the
operators thereof,
motor vehicles and licensing the operators thereof;
for maintenance _of the State highway police,
2. State police. For maintenance of the State Police;
for administration of the office and duties of the State Highway
3. Administration of office. For administration of the
Commission,
office and duties of the department;
for administration of the tax on internal combustion engine fuel
4. Administration of fuel tax. For administration of the
tax on internal combustion engine fuel;
and payment of rebates on said tax,
5. Rebates. For payment of rebates on said tax;
and for the improvement, construction and maintenance of
6. Highways and bridges. For the improvement,
highways and bridges,
construction and maintenance of highways and bridges;
and for snow guards or removal as provided by statute.
7. Snow guards. For snow guards or removal as provided
by statute.
Neither the general highway fund, nor any fund derived from
Neither the General Highway Fund, nor any fund derived from
direct taxation imposed for highway construction, bridge
direct taxation imposed for highway construction, bridge
construction, or the improvement and maintenance thereof,
construction or the improvement and maintenance thereof, shall
shall be diverted or expended, either temporarily or
be diverted or expended, permanently, for any other purpose than
permanently, for any other purpose than set fo1th in this act,
set forth in this section, except that funds so segregated may be
except for the establishment fan aeronautical fund as provided
used for other appropriations but only those for which
by Section 89 A of Chapter 12 of the Revised Statutes.
anticipated income has not been received and for which financial
provision has been made by the Legislature and is forthcoming.
The Treasurer of State is directed and authorized to reimburse
the General Highway Fund by a deposit of the funds received
from such aforesaid appropriations, the receipt of which has been
anticipated, to the extent of the amounts ternporari ly diverted
therefrom. Such deposits shall be made as soon as such revenues
are collected.
Attachment B
Title 29-A, §2602, Jurisdiction
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l Ill! copyrights and other rights lo slatuto1y lex! are reserved by the State of Maine. The text included in this publication reflects changes made through
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attorney.
§2602. Jurisdiction
1. Traffic infractions. The District Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over prosecutions for traffic infractions.
(1993,
C. 683, Pt. A,
§2 (new); Pt. B, §5 (aff) .]
2. Other violations. The District Court has original and concuJTentjurisdiction with the Superior Court over prosecutions for other
violations of this Title.
(1993, C. 683, Pt. A, §2 (new); Pt. B, §5 (aff) .]
3. Class C or greater. For Class C or greater crimes, the District Court jurisdiction is subject to Title 4, section 165 and Title 17-A,
section 9.
(1999, c. 731, Pt. ZZZ, §38 (amd); §42 (aff) .]
.
4. Fines. Except as otherwise provided in this Title, fines and forfeitures collected under this Title accrue to the General Fund,
'cept that:
A. Six percent of fines and forfeitures collected for all traffic infractions, including fines and forfeitures collected for traffic
infractions under section 561-A, accrues to the Law Enforcement. Agency Reimbursement Fund established in Title 4, section 173,
subsection 4-B. This paragraph does not apply to sections 525, 1767 and 2363;
(2001, c. 565, Pt. F, §3
(amd) . ]
B. Of the fines and forfeitures collected for traffic infractions under sections 511, 2354, 2356, 2360, 2380, 2387 and 2388, 7%
accrues to the General Fund, 6% accrues to the Law Enforcement Agency Reimbursement Fund and the balance accrues to the
General Highway Fund; and
(2003, c. 498, §6 (amd); §12 (aff) . ]
C. Of the fines and forfeitures collected for violations other than traffic infractions under sections 511, '2354, 2356, 2360, 2380, 2387
and 2388, only $5 or 13%, whichever is greater, accrues to the General Fund and the balance accrues to the Highway Fund.
(2003, c. 498, §6 (amd); §12 (aff) .]
(2003, C. 498, §6 (amd); §12 (aff). l
PL 1993, Ch. 683,
§A2
(NEW).
PL 1993, Ch. 683,
§BS (AFF).
PL 1997, Ch. 750,
§A3
(AMD).
PL 1999, Ch. 731,
§ZZZ38
(AMD)
PL 1999, Ch. 731,
§ZZZ42 (AFF)
PL 2001, Ch. 565,
§F3
(AMD).
PL 2003, Ch. 498,
§12 (AFF).
PL 2003, Ch. 498,
§6 (AMD).
Text current through December 31, 2006, document created 2006-11-02, page 1.