R 325.10405 Content of public notice.

Rule 405. (1) If a community or noncommunity water supply that is subject to R 325.10401a has a violation or situation requiring public notification, then each public notice must include all of the following elements: (a) A description of the violation or situation, including the contaminant or contaminants of concern, and, as applicable, the contaminant level or levels. (b) When the violation or situation occurred. (c) The potential adverse health effects from the violation or situation, including the standard language under subrule (4)(a) or (b) of this rule, whichever is applicable. (d) The population at risk, including subpopulations particularly vulnerable if exposed to the contaminant in their drinking water. (e) If alternative water supplies should be used. (f) What actions consumers should take, including when they should seek medical help, if known. (g) What the supply is doing to correct the violation or situation. (h) When the supply expects to return to compliance or resolve the situation. (i) The name, business address, and phone number of the supply or designee of the supply as a source of additional information concerning the notice. (j) A statement to encourage the notice recipient to distribute the public notice to other persons served, using the standard language under subrule (4)(c) of this rule, where applicable. (2) All of the following elements must be included in the public notice for public water supplies operating under a variance or exemption: (a) If a public water supply has been granted a variance or an exemption, then the public notice must contain all of the following elements: (i) An explanation of the reasons for the variance or exemption. (ii) The date on which the variance or exemption was issued. (iii) A brief status report on the steps the supply is taking to install treatment, find alternative sources of water, or otherwise comply with the terms and schedules of the variance or exemption. (iv) A notice of opportunities for public input in the review of the variance or exemption. (b) If a public water supply violates the conditions of a variance or exemption, then the public notice must contain the 10 elements listed in subrule (1) of this rule. (3) The public notice must be presented in the following manner: (a) Each public notice required by this part must meet all of the following criteria: (i) Must be displayed in a conspicuous way when printed or posted. (ii) Must not contain overly technical language or very small print. (iii) Must not be formatted in a way that defeats the purpose of the notice. (iv) Must not contain language that nullifies the purpose of the notice. (b) In communities where more than 10% of the consumers are non-English speaking consumers, the public notice must contain information in the appropriate language or languages regarding the importance of the notice or contain a telephone number or address where persons served may contact the supply to obtain a translated copy of the notice or to request assistance in the appropriate language. (4) The supply shall include the following standard language in the public notice: (a) The supply shall include in each public notice the health effects language specified in table 1 of this rule corresponding to each MCL, MRDL, and treatment technique violation listed in table 1 of R 325.10401a, and for each violation of a condition of a variance or exemption. (b) The supply shall include the following language in the notice, including the language necessary to fill in the blanks, for all monitoring and testing procedure violations listed in table 1 of R 325.10401a: "We are required to monitor your drinking water for specific contaminants on a regular basis. Results of regular monitoring are an indicator of whether or not your drinking water meets health standards. During [compliance period], we 'did not monitor or test' or 'did not complete all monitoring or testing' for [contaminant or contaminants], and therefore cannot be sure of the quality of your drinking water during that time." (c) The supply shall include in the notice the following language, where applicable, to encourage the distribution of the public notice to all persons served: "Please share this information with all the other people who drink this water, especially those who may not have received this notice directly (for example, people in apartments, nursing homes, schools, and businesses). You can do this by posting this notice in a public place or distributing copies by hand or mail." Table 1 Regulated contaminants Key AL=Action level MCL=Maximum contaminant level MCLG=Maximum contaminant level goal mfl=Million fibers per liter MRDL=Maximum residual disinfectant level MRDLG=Maximum residual disinfectant level goal mrem/year=Millirems per year (a measure of radiation absorbed by the body) N/A=Not applicable NTU=Nephelometric turbidity units (a measure of water clarity) pci/l=Picocuries per liter (a measure of radioactivity) ppm=Parts per million, or milligrams per liter (mg/l) ppb=Parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (µg/l) ppt=Parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter ppq=Parts per quadrillion, or picograms per liter TT=Treatment technique Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Microbiological contaminants Total coliform bacteria until March 31, 2016 MCL: For water supplies analyzing 40 or more samples per month, not more than 5.0% of the monthly samples may be positive for total coliform. For supplies analyzing fewer than 40 samples per month, not more than 1 sample per month may be positive for total coliform. zero Naturally present in the environment Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially harmful, bacteria may be present. Coliforms were found in more samples than allowed and this was a warning of potential problems. Total coliform bacteria beginning April 1, 2016. This row applies to Consumer Confidence Reporting. TT No conversion necessary TT N/A Naturally present in the environment Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially harmful, waterborne pathogens may be present or that a potential pathway exists through which contamination may enter the drinking water distribution system. Fecal coliform and E. coli until March 31, 2016 zero No conversion necessary zero zero Human and animal fecal waste Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune systems. E. coli beginning April 1, 2016 MCL: Routine and repeat samples are total coliform-positive and either is E. coli-positive or supply fails to take all required repeat samples following E. coli-positive routine sample or supply fails to analyze total coliform- positive repeat sample for E. coli zero Human and animal fecal waste E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Human pathogens in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a greater health risk for infants, young children, the elderly, and people with severely-compromised immune systems. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Coliform Assessment or Corrective Action Violations, or both, beginning April 1, 2016. This row applies to public notification. For Consumer Confidence Reporting, see R 325.10413(12)(g) (i). N/A No conversion necessary TT N/A N/A Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially harmful, waterborne pathogens may be present or that a potential pathway exists through which contamination may enter the drinking water distribution system. We found coliforms indicating the need to look for potential problems in water treatment or distribution. When this occurs, we are required to conduct assessments to identify problems and to correct any problems that are found. [THE SUPPLY MUST USE 1 OF THE FOLLOWING APPLICABLE SENTENCES:] We failed to conduct the required assessment. We failed to correct all identified sanitary defects that were found during the assessment(s). E. coli Assessment or Corrective Action Violations, or both, beginning April 1, 2106. This row applies to public notification. For Consumer Confidence Reporting, see R 325.10413(12)(g) (ii). N/A No conversion necessary TT N/A N/A E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Human pathogens in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a greater health risk for infants, young children, the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune systems. We violated the standard for E. coli, indicating the need to look for potential problems in water treatment or distribution. When this occurs, we are required to conduct a detailed assessment to identify problems and to correct any problems that are found. [THE SUPPLY MUST USE 1 OF THE FOLLOWING APPLICABLE SENTENCES:] We failed to conduct the required assessment. We failed to correct all identified sanitary defects that were found during the assessment that we conducted. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Seasonal Supply Treatment Technique Violations of the Total Coliform Rule beginning April 1, 2016. N/A No conversion necessary TT N/A N/A When this violation includes the failure to monitor for total coliforms or E. coli prior to serving water to the public, the mandatory language found at R 325.10405(4)(b) must be used. When this violation includes failure to complete other actions, the appropriate public notice elements found in R 325.10405(1) must be used. Fecal indicator under groundwater requirements in R 325.10612 et. al: - E.coli - enterococci or - coliphage) TT No conversion necessary TT E.coli: zero Others: N/A Human and animal fecal waste Fecal indicators are microbes whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short- term health effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune systems. Violations of rules for ground water supplies subject to R 325.10612 TT No conversion necessary TT N/A N/A Inadequately treated or inadequately protected water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, cramps, and associated headaches. Turbidity (ntu) TT No conversion necessary TT N/A Soil runoff Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. Other microbiological contaminants Giardia lamblia, viruses, TT* No conversion necessary TT* zero Naturally present in the environment Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria, legionella, cryptosporidium * The treatment technique violations that involve turbidity exceedances may use health effects language for turbidity instead. and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. Inorganic contaminants Antimony (ppb) 0.006 1000 6 6 Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder Some people who drink water containing antimony well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar. Arsenic (ppb) 0.010 1000 10 0 Erosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards; runoff from glass and electronics production wastes Some people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the MCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Asbestos [fibers longer than 10 µm] (mfl) 7 mfl No conversion necessary 7 7 Decay of asbestos cement water mains; erosion of natural deposits Some people who drink water containing asbestos in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps. Barium (ppm) 2 No conversion necessary 2 2 Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge from metal refineries; erosion of natural deposits Some people who drink water containing barium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience an increase in their blood pressure. Beryllium (ppb) 0.004 1000 4 4 Discharge from metal refineries and coal- burning factories; discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industries Some people who drink water containing beryllium well in excess of the MCL over many years could develop intestinal lesions. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Cadmium (ppb) 0.005 1000 5 5 Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of natural deposits; discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and paints Some people who drink water containing cadmium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage. Chromium [total] (ppb) 0.1 1000 100 100 Discharge from steel and pulp mills; erosion of natural deposits Some people who use water containing chromium well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis. Cyanide [free] (ppb) 0.2 1000 200 200 Discharge from steel/metal factories; discharge from plastic and fertilizer factories Some people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid. Fluoride (ppm) 4.0 No conversion necessary 4.0 4.0 Erosion of natural deposits; water additive that promotes strong teeth; discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories Some people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of the MCL over many years could get bone disease, including pain and tenderness of the bones. Fluoride in drinking water at half the MCL or more may cause mottling of children’s teeth, usually in children less than 9 years old. Mottling, also known as dental fluorosis, may include brown staining or pitting of the teeth, or both, and occurs only in developing teeth before they erupt from the gums. Mercury [inorganic] (ppb) 0.002 1000 2 2 Erosion of natural deposits; discharge from refineries and factories; runoff from landfills; runoff from cropland Some people who drink water containing inorganic mercury well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage. Nitrate [as nitrogen] (ppm) 10 No conversion necessary 10 10 Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural deposits Infants below the age of 6 months who drink water containing nitrate in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Nitrite [as nitrogen] (ppm) 1 No conversion necessary 1 1 Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural deposits Infants below the age of 6 months who drink water containing nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. Total nitrate and nitrite [as nitrogen] (ppm) 10 No conversion necessary 10 10 Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural deposits Infants below the age of 6 months who drink water containing nitrate and nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. Selenium (ppb) 0.05 1000 50 50 Discharge from petroleum and metal refineries; erosion of natural deposits; discharge from mines Selenium is an essential nutrient. However, some people who drink water containing selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation. Thallium (ppb) 0.002 1000 2 0.5 Leaching from ore- processing sites; discharge from electronics, glass, and drug factories Some people who drink water containing thallium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver. Lead and copper Lead (ppb) AL=0.015 through December 31, 2024; AL= 0.012 beginning January 1, 2025. 1000 AL=15 through December 31, 2024; AL=12 beginning January 1, 2025. (TT) zero Lead services lines, corrosion of household plumbing including fittings and fixtures; erosion of natural deposits Infants and children who drink water containing lead could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Copper (ppm) AL=1.3 No conversion necessary AL=1.3 (TT) 1.3 Corrosion of household plumbing systems; erosion of natural deposits Copper is an essential nutrient, but some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson’s disease should consult their personal doctor. Synthetic organic contaminants including pesticides and herbicides 2,4-D (ppb) 0.07 1000 70 70 Runoff from herbicide used on row crops Some people who drink water containing the weed killer 2,4-d well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands. 2,4,5-TP [silvex] (ppb) 0.05 1000 50 50 Residue of banned herbicide Some people who drink water containing silvex in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. Alachlor (ppb) 0.002 1000 2 zero Runoff from herbicide used on row crops Some people who drink water containing alachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Atrazine (ppb) 0.003 1000 3 3 Runoff from herbicide used on row crops Some people who drink water containing atrazine well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties. Benzo(a)pyrene [PAHs] (ppt) 0.0002 1,000,000 200 zero Leaching from linings of water storage tanks and distribution lines Some people who drink water containing benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over many years may experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Carbofuran (ppb) 0.04 1000 40 40 Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa Some people who drink water containing carbofuran in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood or nervous or reproductive systems. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Chlordane (ppb) 0.002 1000 2 zero Residue of banned termiticide Some people who drink water containing chlordane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Dalapon (ppb) 0.2 1000 200 200 Runoff from herbicide used on rights of way Some people who drink water containing dalapon well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes. Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (ppb) 0.4 1000 400 400 Discharge from chemical factories Some people who drink water containing di (2- ethylhexyl) adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience toxic effects such as weight loss, liver enlargement, or possible reproductive difficulties. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ppb) 0.006 1000 6 zero Discharge from rubber and chemical factories Some people who drink water containing di (2- ethylhexyl) phthalate well in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Dibromochloropropane [DBCP] (ppt) 0.0002 1,000,000 200 zero Runoff/leaching from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchards Some people who drink water containing DBCP in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Dinoseb (ppb) 0.007 1000 7 7 Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables Some people who drink water containing dinoseb well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD] (ppq) 0.00000003 1,000,000,000 30 zero Emissions from waste incineration and other combustion; discharge from chemical factories Some people who drink water containing dioxin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Diquat (ppb) 0.02 1000 20 20 Runoff from herbicide use Some people who drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL over many years could get cataracts. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Endothall (ppb) 0.1 1000 100 100 Runoff from herbicide use Some people who drink water containing endothall in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines. Endrin (ppb) 0.002 1000 2 2 Residue of banned insecticide Some people who drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. Ethylene dibromide (ppt) 0.00005 1,000,000 50 zero Discharge from petroleum refineries Some people who drink water containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Glyphosate (ppb) 0.7 1000 700 700 Runoff from herbicide use Some people who drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties. Heptachlor (ppt) 0.0004 1,000,000 400 zero Residue of banned pesticide Some people who drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Heptachlor epoxide (ppt) 0.0002 1,000,000 200 zero Breakdown of heptachlor Some people who drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Hexachlorobenzene (ppb) 0.001 1000 1 zero Discharge from metal refineries and agricultural chemical factories Some people who drink water containing hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, or adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Hexachlorocyclopentad iene (ppb) 0.05 1000 50 50 Discharge from chemical factories Some people who drink water containing hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or stomach. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Lindane (ppt) 0.0002 1,000,000 200 200 Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cattle, lumber, gardens Some people who drink water containing lindane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver. Methoxychlor (ppb) 0.04 1000 40 40 Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock Some people who drink water containing methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. Oxamyl [vydate] (ppb) 0.2 1000 200 200 Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on apples, potatoes, and tomatoes Some people who drink water containing oxamyl in excess of the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects. Pentachlorophenol (ppb) 0.001 1000 1 zero Discharge from wood preserving factories Some people who drink water containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Picloram (ppb) 0.5 1000 500 500 Herbicide runoff Some people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. Polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] (ppt) 0.0005 1,000,000 500 zero Runoff from landfills; discharge of waste chemicals Some people who drink water containing PCBs in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Simazine (ppb) 0.004 1000 4 4 Herbicide runoff Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood. Toxaphene (ppb) 0.003 1000 3 zero Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle Some people who drink water containing toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their kidneys, liver, or thyroid, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) (ppt) 370 ppt (ng/l) No conversion necessary 370 N/A Discharge and waste from industrial facilities utilizing the Gen X chemical process Some people who drink water containing HFPO-DA in excess of the MCL could experience problems with their liver. Some fetuses of pregnant women and infants born to mothers who drink water containing HFPO-DA in excess of the MCL may experience developmental effects. Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) (ppt) 420 ppt (ng/l) No conversion necessary 420 N/A Discharge and waste from industrial facilities; stain-resistant treatments Some infants born to mothers who drink water containing PFBS in excess of the MCL may experience decreased thyroid hormone levels. Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) (ppt) 51 ppt (ng/l) No conversion necessary 51 N/A Firefighting foam; discharge and waste from industrial facilities Some people who drink water containing PFHxS in excess of the MCL could experience problems with their thyroid, liver, and cholesterol levels. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (ppt) 400,000 ppt (ng/l) No conversion necessary 400,000 N/A Firefighting foam; discharge and waste from industrial facilities Some people who drink water containing PFHxA in excess of the MCL could experience problems with their liver and kidneys. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ppt) 6 ppt (ng/l) No conversion necessary 6 N/A Discharge and waste from industrial facilities; breakdown of precursor compounds Some fetuses of pregnant women and infants born to mothers who drink water containing PFNA in excess of the MCL may experience developmental delays and decreased body weight gain. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) (ppt) 16 ppt (ng/l) No conversion necessary 16 N/A Firefighting foam; discharge from electroplating facilities; discharge and waste from industrial facilities Some fetuses of pregnant women and infants born to mothers who drink water containing PFOS in excess of the MCL may experience developmental delays and decreased body weight gain. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (ppt) 8 ppt (ng/l) No conversion necessary 8 N/A Discharge and waste from industrial facilities; stain-resistant treatments Some fetuses of pregnant women and infants born to mothers who drink water containing PFOA in excess of the MCL may experience neurodevelopmental effects and skeletal effects. Volatile organic contaminants Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Benzene (ppb) 0.005 1000 5 zero Discharge from factories; leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills Some people who drink water containing benzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Carbon tetrachloride (ppb) 0.005 1000 5 zero Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial activities Some people who drink water containing carbon tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Chlorobenzene (ppb) 0.1 1000 100 100 Discharge from chemical and agricultural chemical factories Some people who drink water containing chlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. O-dichlorobenzene (ppb) 0.6 1000 600 600 Discharge from industrial chemical factories Some people who drink water containing o- dichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems. P-dichlorobenzene (ppb) 0.075 1000 75 75 Discharge from industrial chemical factories Some people who drink water containing p- dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or spleen, or changes in their blood. 1,2-dichloroethane (ppb) 0.005 1000 5 zero Discharge from industrial chemical factories Some people who drink water containing 1,2- dichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 1,1-dichloroethylene (ppb) 0.007 1000 7 7 Discharge from industrial chemical factories Some people who drink water containing 1,1- dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. Cis-1,2- dichloroethylene (ppb) 0.07 1000 70 70 Discharge from industrial chemical factories Some people who drink water containing cis-1,2- dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. Trans-1,2- dichloroethylene (ppb) 0.1 1000 100 100 Discharge from industrial chemical factories Some people who drink water containing trans-1,2- dichloroethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Dichloromethane (ppb) 0.005 1000 5 zero Discharge from pharmaceutical and chemical factories Some people who drink water containing dichloromethane in excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 1,2-dichloropropane (ppb) 0.005 1000 5 zero Discharge from industrial chemical factories Some people who drink water containing 1,2- dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Ethylbenzene (ppb) 0.7 1000 700 700 Discharge from petroleum refineries Some people who drink water containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. Styrene (ppb) 0.1 1000 100 100 Discharge from rubber and plastic factories; leaching from landfills Some people who drink water containing styrene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system. Tetrachloro-ethylene (ppb) 0.005 1000 5 zero Discharge from factories and dry cleaners Some people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Toluene (ppm) 1 No conversion necessary 1 1 Discharge from petroleum factories Some people who drink water containing toluene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or liver. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (ppb) 0.07 1000 70 70 Discharge from textile- finishing factories Some people who drink water containing 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands. 1,1,1-trichloroethane (ppb) 0.2 1000 200 200 Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories Some people who drink water containing 1,1,1- trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system. 1,1,2-trichloroethane (ppb) 0.005 1000 5 3 Discharge from industrial chemical factories Some people who drink water containing 1,1,2- trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Trichloroethylene (ppb) 0.005 1000 5 zero Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories Some people who drink water containing trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Vinyl chloride (ppb) 0.002 1000 2 zero Leaching from PVC piping; discharge from plastics factories Some people who drink water containing vinyl chloride in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Xylenes [total] (ppm) 10 No conversion necessary 10 10 Discharge from petroleum factories; discharge from chemical factories Some people who drink water containing xylenes in excess of the MCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system. Radioactive contaminants Beta/photon emitters (mrem/yr) 4 mrem/yr No conversion necessary 4 zero Decay of natural and man-made deposits Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta particle and photon radioactivity in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Alpha emitters [gross alpha] (pci/l) 15 pCi/L No conversion necessary 15 zero Erosion of natural deposits Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Combined radium [226 & 228] (pci/l) 5 pCi/L No conversion necessary 5 zero Erosion of natural deposits Some people who drink water containing radium 226 or 228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Uranium (pCi/L) 30 ug/L No conversion necessary 30 zero Erosion of natural deposits Some people who drink water containing uranium in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer and kidney toxicity. Disinfection byproducts (DBP), byproduct precursors, and disinfectant residuals: where disinfection is used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants combine with organic and inorganic matter present in water to form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBP). The department sets standards for controlling the levels of disinfectants and DBP in drinking water, including trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA). See R 325.10610 to R 325.10610d and R 325.10719e to R 325.10719n for disinfection byproduct MCLs, disinfectant MRDLs, and related monitoring requirements. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Total trihalomethanes [TTHM] (ppb) 0.080* 1000 80* N/A By-product of drinking water disinfection Some people who drink water containing trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL over many years may experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. * The MCL for total trihalomethanes is the sum of the concentrations of the individual trihalomethanes. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) (ppb) 0.060* 1000 60* N/A By-product of drinking water disinfection Some people who drink water containing haloacetic acids in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. * The MCL for haloacetic acids is the sum of the concentrations of the individual haloacetic acids. Bromate (ppb) 0.010 1000 10 zero By-product of drinking water disinfection Some people who drink water containing bromate in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Chloramines (ppm) MRDL = 4 No conversion necessary MRDL = 4 MRDLG = 4 Water additive used to control microbes Some people who use water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia. Chlorine (ppm) MRDL = 4 No conversion necessary MRDL = 4 MRDLG = 4 Water additive used to control microbes Some people who use water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort. Chlorite (ppm) 1 No conversion necessary 1 0.8 By-product of drinking water disinfection Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL. Some people may experience anemia. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Chlorine dioxide (ppb) MRDL = 0.8 1000 MRDL = 800 MRDLG = 800 Water additive used to control microbes Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia. Add the following only to public notification where any 2 consecutive daily samples taken at the entrance to the distribution system are above the MRDL: "The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, not within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to consumers." Add the following only to public notification where 1 or more distribution system samples are above the MRDL: "The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedances of the drinking water standard within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures. Certain groups, including fetuses, infants, and young children, may be especially susceptible to nervous system effects from excessive chlorine dioxide exposure." Total organic carbon [TOC - control of DBP precursors] (ppm) TT No conversion necessary TT None Naturally present in the environment Total organic carbon (TOC) has no health effects. However, total organic carbon provides a medium for the formation of disinfection byproducts. These byproducts include trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA). Drinking water containing these byproducts in excess of the MCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems, or nervous system effects, and may lead to an increased risk of getting cancer. Other treatment techniques Acrylamide TT No conversion necessary TT zero Added to water during sewage/ wastewater treatment Some people who drink water containing high levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Contaminant in CCR units Traditional MCL in mg/l, except where noted To convert for CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG in CCR units Major sources in drinking water Health effects language Epichlorohydrin TT No conversion necessary TT zero Discharge from industrial chemical factories; an impurity of some water treatment chemicals Some people who drink water containing high levels of epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.