Mississippi Secondary Curriculum Frameworks in Career and Technical Education,

Title 7: Education K-12 Part 241: Mississippi Secondary Curriculum Frameworks in Career and Technical Education, Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources, 2023 Diversified Agriculture Turfgrass Management Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework 2 023 D iv ersif ied A gr icu ltu r e Turf gr ass M an ag emen t Program CIP: 01.0000—Agriculture, General Direct inquiries to: Instructional Design Specialist Program Supervisor Research and Curriculum Unit Office of Career and Technical Education P.O. Drawer DX Mississippi Department of Education Mississippi State, MS 39762 P.O. Box 771 662.325.2510 Jackson, MS 39205 601.359.3974 Published by: Office of Career and Technical Education Research and Curriculum Unit Mississippi Department of Education Mississippi State University Jackson, MS 39205 Mississippi State, MS 39762 The Research and Curriculum Unit (RCU), located in Starkville, as part of Mississippi State University (MSU), was established to foster educational enhancements and innovations. In keeping with the land-grant mission of MSU, the RCU is dedicated to improving the quality of life for Mississippians. The RCU enhances intellectual and professional development of Mississippi students and educators while applying knowledge and educational research to the lives of the people of the state. The RCU works within the contexts of curriculum development and revision, research, assessment, professional development, and industrial training. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Table of Contents Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Acknowledgments The Diversified Agriculture Turfgrass Management curriculum was presented to the Mississippi State Board of Education on April 19,2023. The following persons were serving on the state board at the time: Mr. Michael D. Kent, interim state superintendent of education Mrs. Rosemary G. Aultman, chair Mr. Glen V. East, vice chair Mrs. Mary Werner Dr. Ronnie L. McGehee Dr. Wendi Barrett Mr. Matt Miller Mr. Bill Jacobs Ms. Micah Hill, student representative Mr. Charlie Fruge’, student representative The following Mississippi Department of Education (MDE) and RCU managers and specialists assisted in the development of the Turfgrass Management curriculum: Wendy Clemons, the associate state superintendent of the MDE Office of Secondary Professional Development and Career Technical Education, supported the RCU and teachers throughout the development of the framework and supporting materials. Jill Wagner, the former agricultural education and FFA program supervisor for the MDE Office of Career and Technical Education (CTE), supported the RCU and teachers throughout the development of the framework and supporting materials. Betsey Smith, the director of the RCU, supported RCU staff and teachers throughout the development of this framework and supporting materials. Courtney McCubbins, the curriculum manager for the RCU, supported RCU staff and teachers throughout the development of this framework and supporting materials. Rob Fyke, a project manager with the RCU, researched and co-authored this framework. Special thanks are extended to the educators who contributed teaching and assessment materials that are included in the framework and supporting materials: Michael Loper, Water Valley High School, Water Valley James Roberts, Sumrall High School, Sumrall Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Appreciation is expressed to the following professionals who provided guidance and insight throughout the development process: Will Arnett, director of golf and adjunct instructor at East Mississippi Community College (EMCC) Dr. Jay McCurdy, associate professor and turfgrass extension specialist at Mississippi State University Danny Smith, program director of turf landscape at EMCC Dr. Barry Stewart, professor of agronomy at Mississippi State University Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Standards Standards and alignment crosswalks are referenced in the appendix. Depending on the curriculum, these crosswalks should identify alignment to the standards mentioned below, as well as possible related academic topics as required in the Subject Area Testing Program in Algebra I, Biology I, English II, and U.S. History from 1877, which could be integrated into the content of the units. Mississippi’s CTE turfgrass management is aligned to the following standards: National Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources (AFNR) Career Cluster Content Standards The National AFNR Career Cluster Content Standards were developed by the National Council on Agricultural Education to serve as a guide for what students should know or be able to do through a study of agriculture in Grades 9-12 and two-year postsecondary programs. The standards were extensively researched and reviewed by leaders in the agricultural industry, secondary and postsecondary instructors, and university specialists. The standards consist of a pathway content standard for each of the eight career pathways. For each content standard, performance elements representing major topic areas with accompanying performance indicators were developed. Measurements of assessment of the performance elements and performance indicators were developed at the basic, intermediate, and advanced levels. The National AFNR Career Cluster Content Standards are copyrighted by the National Council for Agricultural Education and are used with permission. thecouncil.ffa.org/afnr International Society for Technology in Education Standards (ISTE) Reprinted with permission from ISTE Standards for Students (2016). All rights reserved. Permission does not constitute an endorsement by ISTE. iste.org College- and Career-Ready Standards College- and career-readiness standards emphasize critical thinking, teamwork, and problem- solving skills. Students will learn the skills and abilities demanded by the workforce of today and the future. Mississippi adopted Mississippi College- and Career-Readiness Standards (MCCRS) to provide a consistent, clear understanding of what students are expected to learn and so teachers and parents know what they need to do to help them. mdek12.org/oae/college-and-career-readiness-standards Framework for 21st Century Learning In defining 21st-century learning, the Partnership for 21st Century Skills has embraced key themes and skill areas that represent the essential knowledge for the 21st century: global awareness; financial, economic, business, and entrepreneurial literacy; civic literacy; health literacy; environmental literacy; learning and innovation skills; information, media, and technology skills; and life and career skills. 21 Framework Definitions (2019). battelleforkids.org/networks/p21/frameworks-resources Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Preface Secondary CTE programs in Mississippi face many challenges resulting from sweeping educational reforms at the national and state levels. Schools and teachers are increasingly being held accountable for providing applied learning activities to every student in the classroom. This accountability is measured through increased requirements for mastery and attainment of competency as documented through both formative and summative assessments. This document provides information, tools, and solutions that will aid students, teachers, and schools in creating and implementing applied, interactive, and innovative lessons. Through best practices, alignment with national standards and certifications, community partnerships, and a hands-on, student- centered concept, educators will be able to truly engage students in meaningful and collaborative learning opportunities. The courses in this document reflect the statutory requirements as found in Section 37-3-49, Mississippi Code of 1972, as amended (Section 37-3-46). In addition, this curriculum reflects guidelines imposed by federal and state mandates (Laws, 1988, Ch. 487, §14; Laws, 1991, Ch. 423, §1; Laws, 1992, Ch. 519, §4 eff. from and after July 1, 1992; Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act, 2019 [Perkins V]; and Every Student Succeeds Act, 2015). Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Mississippi Teacher Professional Resources The following are resources for Mississippi teachers: Curriculum, Assessment, Professional Learning Program resources can be found at the RCU’s website, rcu.msstate.edu. Learning Management System: An Online Resource Learning management system information can be found at the RCU’s website, under Professional Learning. Should you need additional instructions, call the RCU at 662.325.2510. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Executive Summary Pathway Description The Diversified Agriculture Turfgrass Management curriculum is a one-Carnegie unit course within the four-credit Diversified Agriculture pathway. All students must successfully complete the Principles of Agriscience prerequisite course before being allowed to enroll in this course. This course is centered on turfgrass and how it is managed within multiple settings and climates. The course provides an opportunity for students to go in-depth regarding turfgrass management and the career opportunities it provides. College, Career, and Certifications No national industry-recognized secondary certifications are known to exist at this time in the field of turfgrass management. Competencies and suggested performance indicators in this course have been correlated, however, to the AFNR Career Cluster Content Standards that have been reviewed and endorsed at the national level by the National Council on Agricultural Education. Grade Level and Class Size Recommendations It is recommended that students enter this program as 10th graders. Exceptions to this are a district-level decision based on class size, enrollment numbers, student maturity, and CTE delivery method. This is a hands-on, lab- or shop-based course. Therefore, a maximum of 15 students is recommended per class with only one class with the teacher at a time. Student Prerequisites For students to experience success in the program, the following student prerequisites are suggested: 1. C or higher in English (the previous year) 2. C or higher in high school-level math (last course taken or the instructor can specify the level of math instruction needed) 3. Instructor approval and TABE reading score (eighth grade or higher) or 1. TABE reading and math score (eighth grade or higher) 2. Instructor approval or 1. Instructor approval Assessment The latest assessment blueprint for the curriculum can be found at rcu.msstate.edu/curriculum/curriculumdownload. Applied Academic Credit The latest academic credit information can be found at mdek12.org/ese/approved-course-for-the-secondary-schools. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Teacher Licensure The latest teacher licensure information can be found at mdek12.org/oel/apply-for-an-educator-license. Professional Learning If you have specific questions about the content of any of training sessions provided, please contact the RCU at 662.325.2510. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Course Outlines This curriculum consists of one 1-credit course. Diversified Agriculture Turfgrass Management—Course Code: XXXXXX Unit Title Hours Introduction to Turfgrass Management Warm- and Cool-Season Turfgrasses Soil Science in Turfgrass Production Selecting and Establishing Turfgrass Cultural Practices Integrated Pest Management Golf Course Management Lawn Care Athletic Field Management Business Management Leadership and SAE for All Total Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Career Pathway Outlook Overview The agricultural sciences career cluster covers the broad field of occupations related to the production and use of plants and animals for food, fiber, aesthetic, and environmental purposes. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, during the next five years (2020-2025) 59,400 jobs are expected to open in food, agriculture, renewable natural resources, or the environment for graduates with bachelor’s or higher degrees in those areas. Almost half of those jobs will be in management and business at 42%; 31% in science, technology, engineering, and math in agriculture; 13% in sustainable food and biomaterials production; and 14% in education, communication, and government services. According to USDA, agriculture, food, and related industries contributed $1.109 trillion to the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019. The Mississippi Department of Agriculture and Commerce reports that agriculture is Mississippi’s number one industry at $7.35 billion and employing approximately 17.4% of the state’s workforce. Diversified Agriculture will target careers at the professional and technical levels in agriculture. Students enrolled in these courses should be better prepared to pursue degrees at the community college and four-year-college levels. Needs of the Future Workforce Data for this synopsis were compiled from the Mississippi Department of Employment Security (2022). Employment opportunities for each of the occupations are listed below: Table 1.1: Current and Projected Occupation Report Description Jobs, Projected Jobs, 2028 Change (Number) Change (Percent) Average Yearly Earnings, 2022 Agricultural and Food Science Technicians 3.9% $39,270 Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary 6.7% $93,260 Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School 9.4% $47,270 Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School 7.4% $50,370 Conservation Scientists 4.3% $54,950 Environmental Engineers 2.4% $75,940 Environmental Engineering Technicians 6.3% $46,790 Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health 8.1% $64,460 Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health 9.5% $38,780 Farm and Home Management Advisors 3.2% $38,650 Logging Equipment Operators 1,680 1,740 3.6% $41,840 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 6,000 6,620 10.3% $25,630 Soil and Plant Scientists 0% $92,250 Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers 1,790 1,840 2.8% $55,830 First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers 1,090 11.2% $40,270 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers 5.3% $54,550 Fish and Game Wardens 0% $46,610 Foresters 5.3% $52,660 Surveyors 4.4% $48,600 Surveying and Mapping Technicians 3.8% $39,840 Tree Trimmers and Pruners 11.1% $44,920 Source: Mississippi Department of Employment Security; mdes.ms.gov (2022). Perkins V Requirements and Academic Infusion The Diversified Agriculture Turfgrass Management curriculum meets Perkins V requirements of introducing students to and preparing them for high-skill, high-wage occupations in agricultural fields. It also offers students a program of study, including secondary, postsecondary, and institutions of higher learning courses, that will further prepare them for careers in agriculture. Additionally, this curriculum is integrated with academic college- and career-readiness standards. Lastly, it focuses on ongoing and meaningful professional development for teachers as well as relationships with industry. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Transition to Postsecondary Education The latest articulation information for secondary to postsecondary can be found at the Mississippi Community College Board website, mccb.edu. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Best Practices Innovative Instructional Technologies Classrooms should be equipped with tools that will teach today’s digital learners through applicable and modern practices. The Turfgrass Management educator’s goal should be to include teaching strategies that incorporate current technology. To make use of the latest online communication tools—wikis, blogs, podcasts, and social media platforms, for example—the classroom teacher is encouraged to use a learning management system that introduces students to education in an online environment and places more of the responsibility of learning on the student. Differentiated Instruction Students learn in a variety of ways, and numerous factors—students’ background, emotional health, and circumstances, for example—create unique learners. By providing various teaching and assessment strategies, students with various learning preferences can have more opportunity to succeed. CTE Student Organizations Teachers should investigate opportunities to sponsor a student organization. The National FFA Organization is the student organization for this pathway and will foster the types of learning expected from the turfgrass management curriculum. FFA provides students with growth opportunities and competitive events and opens the doors to the world of agriculture and scholarship opportunities. Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning can help students understand topics when independent learning cannot. Therefore, you will see several opportunities in the curriculum for group work. To function in today’s workforce, students need to be able to work collaboratively with others and solve problems without excessive conflict. This curriculum provides opportunities for students to work together and help each other complete complex tasks. There are many field experiences within the curriculum that will allow and encourage collaboration with professionals currently in the agriscience field. Work-Based Learning Work-based learning (WBL) is an extension of understanding competencies taught in the turfgrass management classroom. This program may require students to obtain a minimum of 35 clinical-type hours, which may include but are not limited to clinicals/worksite field experiences, entrepreneurships, internships, pre-apprenticeships, school-based enterprises, job placements, and simulated worksites. These real-world connections and applications provide a link to all types of students regarding knowledge, skills, and professional dispositions. Thus, supervised collaboration and immersion into the agricultural industry are keys to students’ success, knowledge, and skills development. For more information on embedded WBL, visit the Mississippi Work-Based Learning Manual on the RCU website, rcu.msstate.edu. . Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Professional Organizations American Association for Agricultural Education (AAAE) aaaeonline.org Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE) acteonline.org Mississippi ACTE mississippiacte.com Mississippi Association of Agricultural Educators (MSAAE) mississippiffa.org National Association of Agricultural Educators (NAAE) naae.org National FFA Organization ffa.org Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Using This Document Competencies and Suggested Objectives A competency represents a general concept or performance that students are expected to master as a requirement for satisfactorily completing a unit. Students are expected to receive instruction on all competencies. The suggested objectives represent the enabling and supporting knowledge and performances that will indicate mastery of the competency at the course level. Teachers are welcome to teach the competencies in other ways than the listed objectives if it allows for mastery of the competencies. Teachers are also allowed to teach the units and competencies in the order they prefer, as long as they teach the necessary material allotted for the specific course or credit they are teaching at the time. Teacher Resources All teachers should request to be added to the Canvas Resource Guide for their course. For questions or to added to the guide send a help desk ticket to the RCU by emailing helpdesk@rcu.msstate.edu. Perkins V Quality Indicators and Enrichment Material Some of the units may include an enrichment section at the end. This material will enhance the learning experiences of students. If the diversified agriculture turfgrass management program is using a national certification, work-based learning, or another measure of accountability that aligns with Perkins V as a quality indicator, this material could very well be assessed on that quality indicator. It is the responsibility of the teacher to ensure all competencies for the selected quality indicator are covered throughout the year. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 1: Introduction to Turfgrass Management Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Describe the turfgrass industry. DOK1 a. Explain the diversity and importance of the turfgrass industry. b. Define turfgrass history, management, and its role in society. c. Discuss the use of turfgrasses. • Recreational turf • Sports field turf • Lawn turf • Utility turf d. Describe various careers in turfgrass management, including educational and/or training requirements, licensure, certifications, and duties. • Turfgrass management • Golf course superintendent • Sports turf management • Groundskeepers • Landscape and lawn maintenance professionals • Small business owners • Irrigation specialists • Spray technicians 2. Discuss the basics of turfgrass and its culture. DOK3 a. Discuss the classifications of turfgrasses. b. Explain how various turfgrasses grow. c. Compare and contrast the functions of important grass plant structures. d. Describe how turf quality is measured. e. Evaluate the different levels of maintenance or cultural intensity of turfgrasses. Note: Safety is to be taught as an ongoing part of the program. Students are required to complete a written safety test with 100% accuracy before entering the shop for lab simulations and projects. This test should be documented in each student’s file. Note: This unit will be ongoing throughout the year. Time allotted for this unit will be distributed over the entire year. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 2: Warm- and Cool-Season Turfgrasses Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Distinguish between warm- and cool-season turfgrasses. DOK2 a. Determine which grasses are suited for the different climatic zones in the United States. b. Compare the growth patterns of warm- and cool-season turfgrasses. 2. Describe important species and characteristics of warm-season turfgrasses. DOK2 a. Summarize where and for what purpose each warm-season turfgrass is used. b. Determine how to select the best species and cultivar for a particular location. • Bermuda grass • St. Augustine grass • Centipede grass • Zoysia grass • Other warm-season turfgrasses (e.g. buffalo grass, carpet grass, seashore paspalum, kikuyu grass, etc.) 3. Describe important species and characteristics of cool-season turfgrasses. DOK2 a. Summarize where and for what purpose each cool-season turfgrass is used. b. Determine how to select the best species and cultivar for a particular location. • Tall fescue • Fine fescue • Kentucky bluegrass • Perennial ryegrass • Creeping bentgrass • Annual ryegrass • Other cool-season turfgrasses (colonial bentgrass, annual bluegrass, Texas bluegrass, etc.) Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 3: Soil Science in Turfgrass Production Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Identify the components of soil. DOK2 a. Define soil texture, structure, and other important characteristics. b. Compare how soil texture and structure affect turfgrass growth. c. Use a soil textural triangle to determine the textural class of a soil sample. d. Illustrate and describe a soil profile ideal for growing turfgrass. e. Discuss soil characteristics and their effect on turfgrass function. f. Explain how water moves in the soil. • Saturated flow/macropores • Unsaturated flow/micropores g. Describe why not all soil water is available for plant use. • Transient water • Plant unavailable water 2. Describe the most effective methods of soil modification and drainage. DOK1 a. Explain how soil modification can improve undesirable soil conditions. b. Examine organic matter sources that can be used to improve soil structure. c. Discover the types of drainage systems that aid in removing excess water from the soil. • Surface drainage • Internal soil drainage • Installed soil drainage 3. Investigate concepts of soil chemistry. DOK3 a. Assess the fundamentals of soil fertility. • Sufficiency level of soil nutrients • Law of the minimum • Cation and anion exchange capacity b. Interpret the effect of soil pH on nutrient availability. c. Explore soil salinity and its effect on plant growth. 4. Explain the importance of soil testing. DOK3 a. Collect and analyze a soil sample. • Conduct a soil test using a basic soil test kit. • Send a soil sample for analysis to a local extension service or agronomic service provider. b. Interpret the results from the soil test and record results in the form of a lab report. • Understand the basis for soil test recommendations. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 4: Selecting and Establishing Turfgrass Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Investigate best management practices for establishing and caring for turf. DOK2 a. Determine the species and cultivars to be planted on a particular site. • Choose the appropriate species and cultivars. b. Assess how the site should be prepared before planting. • Site preparation • Grading • Amending soil composition c. Collect and identify information listed on a seed label. • Pure live seed • Seed rate • Establishment timing d. Identify the most appropriate times of the year for turfgrass establishment. e. Compare and contrast the four common methods of turfgrass establishment. • Seeding • Sodding • Sprigging • Plugging 2. Discuss the key pieces of equipment used for establishing turfgrass. DOK4 a. Identify and operate (if available) key pieces of equipment used in establishing turfgrass. • Sod cutter • Hydroseeder • Drop spreader • Rotary/hand spreader • Rototiller • Surveying equipment • Hand tools (e.g., machete, shovel, rake, hoe, tamp, roller, etc.) Note: Safety is to be taught as an ongoing part of the program. Students are required to complete a written safety test with 100% accuracy before entering the shop for lab simulations and projects. This test should be documented in each student’s file. Note: This unit will be ongoing throughout the year. Time allotted for this unit will be distributed over the entire year. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 5: Cultural Practices Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Investigate mowing practices as related to the quality of turfgrass. DOK2 a. Explain the effects of mowing on turfgrass. b. List the correct cutting heights for turfgrass species and cultivars. c. Identify the factors that influence the selection of the correct cutting height. d. Describe the factors that determine how often turfgrass should be cut. e. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of different types of mowers. • Rotary • Reel • Flail f. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of collecting grass clippings. g. Distinguish between safe and unsafe mowing practices. h. Discuss the use of plant growth regulators. 2. Investigate fertilization practices as related to the quality of turfgrass. DOK2 a. Identify the nutrients required by turfgrass. • Nitrogen (N) • Phosphorus (P) • Potassium (K) • Macronutrients • Micronutrients b. Discuss the different types of fertilizers. • Liquid versus granular • Complete versus incomplete c. List the factors that influence the selection of an appropriate fertility program. • Safe use of fertilizers • Environmental factors d. Explain why nitrogen is a key nutrient in a turfgrass fertility program. e. Distinguish between fast-release and slow-release nitrogen carriers. f. Discuss the rate and frequency of fertilizer application for turfgrass. g. Describe mechanical methods of fertilizer application and the equipment used. • Rotary • Drop • Liquid broadcast • Fertigation Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework 3. Investigate cultivation practices as related to the quality of turfgrass. DOK3 a. Critique methods of turf aerification. • Hollow tine aerification • Solid tine aerification • Other methods b. Describe methods of thatch control. • Topdressing • Vertical mowing • Fraise mowing 4. Investigate irrigation practices as related to the quality of turfgrass. DOK3 a. Discuss irrigation needs. b. List the signs that indicate when irrigation is needed. • Wilt • Dust • Footprints c. Explain how the amount of water to be applied is determined. • Known turfgrass water use • Permeability/infiltration rate • Evapotranspiration • Tensiometer • Soil moisture meter d. Analyze the components of a turfgrass irrigation system. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 6: Integrated Pest Management Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM). DOK1 a. Discuss the components of an IPM program. • Preventative (i.e., choosing resistant varieties, isolation, quarantine) • Cultural (i.e., appropriate mowing height, irrigation practices) • Mechanical (i.e., hand weed removal, fraise mowing, trapping) • Biological (i.e., predatory insects, fungal and bacterial pathogens) • Chemical (i.e., appropriate use of pesticides) b. Discuss the management of pesticide resistance. 2. Demonstrate general safety procedures for turfgrass pest management. DOK 2 a. Describe the procedures for working in and maintaining a safe, orderly workplace. b. Identify the actions associated with safe personal behavior and conduct. c. Describe work site and laboratory organization procedures. d. Demonstrate the procedures for the safe use of chemicals and other hazardous materials in the laboratory and greenhouse, including the use of safety data sheets (SDSs), personal protective equipment (PPE), and application record-keeping. e. Read, interpret, and apply the directions on a pesticide label. • Active ingredients • Safety precautions • Hazardous statements • Trade name • Usage rates • Storage and disposal 3. Discuss the identification and control of annual grasses, perennial grassy weeds, and broadleaf weeds. DOK3 a. Explain why a correct turfgrass maintenance program results in less weed competition. b. List important types of weeds. • Annual grasses (e.g., crabgrass, annual bluegrass, goosegrass) • Perennial grasses (e.g., Dallis grass, Bermuda grass, Bahia grass) • Broadleaf weeds (e.g., buttonweed, clover) • Sedges (e.g., yellow nutsedge, kyllinga) c. Identify the different types of herbicides. • Soil sterilant • Preemergence • Postemergence • Nonselective versus selective 4. Discuss the identification and control of damaging insect species for turfgrass. DOK2 a. Recall common characteristics of insect classifications. b. Identify various insect species that are serious pests of turfgrass. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework • Root-feeding insects (e.g., Japanese beetles, European chafers, black turfgrass ataenius, mole crickets, ground pearls, etc.) • Leaf and stem feeders (e.g., armyworms, chinch bugs, aphids, scales, annual bluegrass weevils, mealy bugs, etc.) • Other (e.g., fire ants, ticks, etc.) c. Discuss how insect species affect turfgrass utility. d. Explain why a correct turfgrass maintenance program results in less insect damage. e. Identify the different types of insecticides. • Contact • Systemic foliar 5. Discuss the identification and control of turfgrass diseases. DOK3 a. Explain common environmental causes the contribute to turfgrass diseases. b. Identify various diseases that are detrimental to turfgrass (i.e., symptoms vs. signs). • Fungal diseases (e.g., dollar spot, large patch, spring dead spot, fairy ring, etc.) • Viral diseases (e.g., St. Augustine grass decline, etc.) • Bacterial diseases (e.g., bacterial wilt, etc.) • Nematodes (e.g., lance, sting, root-knot, etc.) c. Discuss how diseases affect turfgrass health. d. Explain how a correct turfgrass maintenance program can result in fewer diseases. e. Identify the different types of chemical control strategies. • Penetrants • Acropetal penetrants • True systemics Note: Safety is to be taught as an ongoing part of the program. Students are required to complete a written safety test with 100% accuracy before entering the shop for lab simulations and projects. This test should be documented in each student’s file. Note: This unit will be ongoing throughout the year. Time allotted for this unit will be distributed over the entire year. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 7: Golf Course Management Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Discuss the maintenance of golf courses. DOK2 a. Understand the basic design and layout features of a golf course. b. Discuss the responsibilities of the superintendent and other golf course employees. c. Describe the maintenance practices performed on greens, tees, fairways, sand traps (bunkers), and roughs. d. Identify other miscellaneous work activities performed by golf course employees. 2. Discuss why specialty equipment is needed for the maintenance of a golf course. DOK4 a. Identify and operate (if available) key pieces of equipment used in establishing turfgrass on a golf course. • Greens mower • Bunker rake/groomer • Cup cutter • Sprayer • Aerifier • Topdresser • Roller • Soil moisture meter • Stimpmeter Note: Safety is to be taught as an ongoing part of the program. Students are required to complete a written safety test with 100% accuracy before entering the shop for lab simulations and projects. This test should be documented in each student’s file. Note: This unit will be ongoing throughout the year. Time allotted for this unit will be distributed over the entire year. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 8: Lawn Care Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Discuss the history and purpose of a home lawn. DOK1 a. Recognize the different purposes of a home lawn. • Aesthetics • Recreation • Firebreak b. Contrast the environmental benefit and detriment of lawns. 2. Investigate the United States lawn and landscape industry. DOK3 a. Discuss market segments of the lawn care industry. • Mow and maintain • Pest management • Landscape and horticulture • Homeowner maintained (i.e., DIY) b. Describe the role of professional lawn care service companies in the turfgrass industry. 3. Discuss the maintenance of lawns and other types of related turfgrass areas. DOK3 a. Describe typical lawn care maintenance. b. Understand organic lawn care programs. 4. Discuss why specialty equipment is needed for the maintenance of a lawn. DOK4 a. Identify and operate (if available) key pieces of equipment used in establishing turfgrass on a lawn. • Ride-on sprayer • Ride-on spreader • Hose-end sprayer • String trimmer • Blower • Push mower • Zero-turn mower • Stand-on mower • Autonomous mower • Hedge trimmer • Edger • Mini-skid steer • Trencher Note: Safety is to be taught as an ongoing part of the program. Students are required to complete a written safety test with 100% accuracy before entering the shop for lab simulations and projects. This test should be documented in each student’s file. Note: This unit will be ongoing throughout the year. Time allotted for this unit will be distributed over the entire year. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 9: Athletic Field Management Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Discuss the maintenance of athletic fields. DOK1 a. Understand the importance of safety issues on athletic fields. • Surface hardness • Lack of uniformity b. Understand the fundamentals of skinned area maintenance. (e.g., infield dirt, etc.) c. Explain the major problems associated with athletic fields. • Overuse • Compaction • Lack of routine maintenance d. Discuss basic maintenance practices on athletic fields. • Mowing • Fertilization • Marking • Infield dragging • Pest management • Irrigation e. Compare and contrast synthetic turf with natural turfgrass. 2. Discuss why specialty equipment is needed for the maintenance of an athletic field. DOK4 a. Identify and operate (if available) key pieces of equipment used in establishing turfgrass on an athletic field. • Infield rake • Nail drag • Reel mower • Rotary mower • Paint machine • Tamp • Sprayer • Fraise mower • Turbine blower • Chalker • Hardness tester (e.g.,Clegg) Note: Safety is to be taught as an ongoing part of the program. Students are required to complete a written safety test with 100% accuracy before entering the shop for lab simulations and projects. This test should be documented in each student’s file. Note: This unit will be ongoing throughout the year. Time allotted for this unit will be distributed over the entire year. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 10: Business Management Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Discuss the importance of business management skills to the turfgrass manager. DOK4 a. Create job cost estimates in the turfgrass industry (e.g., building a pitching mound, maintain a half-acre home lawn, etc.). b. Explain how to plan work schedules and prepare a budget. c. Solve math problems common in the turfgrass industry. • Sod and seed coverage • Pesticide rate over area calculations • Pythagorean theorem or 3-4-5 triangle for field squaring • Pure live seed calculations Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Unit 11: Immersion Into FFA and Supervised Agriculture Experience (SAE) for All Competencies and Suggested Objectives 1. Participate in local, state, and/or national FFA activities that provide opportunities for leadership development and career exploration. DOK 3 a. Actively participate in FFA activities. • Leadership Development Events (LDEs) • Career Development Events (CDEs) o Nursery/Landscape • Leadership retreats or conferences • Industry-related seminars, workshops, or conferences • Other related FFA activities 2. Apply concepts learned from the school-based agricultural education program to continue progression of immersion SAEs. DOK 4 a. Redefine and adjust the agreement requirements between the student, parents, supervisor, and/or employer. b. Update SAE records utilizing an electronic/computer-based system of record keeping. • SAE program goals • Student inventory related to the SAE program • Expense records • Income/gift and scholarship records • Skill-attainment records • Leadership-activity records and participation in FFA activities • Community service hours c. Complete degree and proficiency award applications as they apply to the SAE. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Student Competency Profile Student’s Name: ___________________________________________ This record is intended to serve as a method of noting student achievement of the competencies in each unit. It can be duplicated for each student, and it can serve as a cumulative record of competencies achieved in the course. In the blank before each competency, place the date on which the student mastered the competency. Unit 1: Introduction to Turfgrass Management 1. Describe the turfgrass industry. 2. Discuss the basics of turfgrass and its culture. Unit 2: Warm- and Cool-Season Turfgrasses 1. Distinguish between warm- and cool-season turfgrasses. 2. Describe important species and characteristics of warm-season turfgrasses. 3. Describe important species and characteristics of cool-season turfgrasses. Unit 3: Soil Science in Turfgrass Production 1. Identify the components of soil. 2. Describe the most effective methods of soil modification and drainage. 3. Investigate concepts of soil chemistry. 4. Explain the importance of soil testing. Unit 4: Selecting and Establishing Turfgrass 1. Investigate best management practices for establishing and caring for turf. 2. Discuss the key pieces of equipment used for establishing turfgrass. Unit 5: Cultural Practices 1. Investigate mowing practices as related to the quality of turfgrass. 2. Investigate fertilization practices as related to the quality of turfgrass. 3. Investigate cultivation practices as related to the quality of turfgrass. 4. Investigate irrigation practices as related to the quality of turfgrass. Unit 6: Integrated Pest Management 1. Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM). 2. Demonstrate general safety procedures for turfgrass pest management. 3. Discuss the identification and control of annual grasses, perennial grassy weeds, and broadleaf weeds. 4. Discuss the identification and control of damaging insect species for turfgrass. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework 5. Discuss the identification and control of turfgrass diseases. Unit 7: Golf Course Management 1. Discuss the maintenance of golf courses. 2. Discuss why specialty equipment is needed for the maintenance of a golf course. Unit 8: Lawn Care 1. Discuss the history and purpose of a home lawn. 2. Investigate the United States lawn and landscape industry. 3. Discuss the maintenance of lawns and other types of related turfgrass areas. 4. Discuss why specialty equipment is needed for the maintenance of a lawn. Unit 9: Athletic Field Management 1. Discuss the maintenance of athletic fields. 2. Discuss why specialty equipment is needed for the maintenance of an athletic field. Unit 10: Business Management 1. Discuss the importance of business management skills to the turfgrass manager. Unit 11: Immersion Into FFA and Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) for All 1. Participate in local, state, and/or national FFA activities that provide opportunities for leadership development and career exploration. 2. Apply concepts learned from the school-based agricultural education program to continue progression of immersion SAEs. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Appendix: Industry Standards Framework for AFNR Content Standards and Performance Elements Crosswalk for Diversified Agriculture Turfgrass Management Unit 10 11 AFNR ABS- Agribusiness Systems X X X X X X X X X X AS- Animal Systems X X X BS- Biotechnology X X X X X X X X X X CRP- Career Ready Practices X X X X X X X X X X X CS- AFNR Cluster Skill X X X X X X X X X X ES- Environmental Service Systems X X X X X X X FPP- Food Products and Processing Systems X X X NRS- Natural Resource Systems X X X X X X PS- Plant Systems X X X X X X X X X X PST- Power, Structural, and Technical Systems X X X X X X X X X AFNR Pathway Content Standards and Performance Elements The AFNR Pathway Content Standards and Performance Elements are adapted from National Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources (AFNR) Career Cluster Content Standards. Reprinted with permission from the National Council for Agricultural Education, 1410 King St., Suite 400, Alexandria, VA 22314, 800.772.0939. Copyright © 2015. A complete copy of the national standards can be downloaded from the Team Ag Ed Learning Center at thecouncil.ffa.org/afnr ABS AGRIBUSINESS SYSTEMS AS ANIMAL SYSTEMS BS BIOTECHNOLOGY CRP CAREER READY PRACTICES CS AGRICULTURE FOOD AND NATURAL RESOURCES CLUSTER SKILL ES ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICE SYSTEMS FPP FOOD PRODUCTS AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS NRS NATURAL RESOURCE SYSTEMS PS PLANT SYSTEMS PST POWER, STRUCTURAL, AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Agribusiness Systems Career Pathway Content Standards The Agribusiness Systems (ABS) Career Pathway encompasses the study of agribusinesses and their management including, but not limited to, record keeping, budget management (cash and credit), and business planning, and sales and marketing. Students completing a program of study in this pathway will demonstrate competence in the application of principles and techniques for the planning, development, application and management of agribusiness systems in AFNR settings. Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • Common Career Technical Core (CCTC) Standards – These are the standards for Agribusiness Systems (AG-ABS) from the 2012 version of the Common Career and Technical Core Standards, which are owned by the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education/National Career Technical Education Foundation and are used here with permission. These statements define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study for this pathway. • Performance Indicators – These statements distill each CCTC Standard into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related CCTC Standard at the conclusion of a program of study in this area. ABS.01. CCTC Standard: Apply management planning principles in AFNR businesses. ABS.01.01. Performance Indicator: Apply micro- and macroeconomic principles to plan and manage inputs and outputs in an AFNR business. ABS.01.02. Performance Indicator: Read, interpret, evaluate and write statements of purpose to guide business goals, objectives and resource allocation. ABS.01.03. Performance Indicator: Devise and apply management skills to organize and run an AFNR business in an efficient, legal and ethical manner. ABS.01.04. Performance Indicator: Evaluate, develop and implement procedures used to recruit, train and retain productive human resources for AFNR businesses. ABS.02. CCTC Standard: Use record keeping to accomplish AFNR business objectives, manage budgets and comply with laws and regulations. ABS.02.01. Performance Indicator: Apply fundamental accounting principles, systems, tools and applicable laws and regulations to record, track and audit AFNR business transactions (e.g., accounts, debits, credits, assets, liabilities, equity, etc.). ABS.02.02. Performance Indicator: Assemble, interpret and analyze financial information and reports to monitor AFNR business performance and support decision-making (e.g., income statements, balance sheets, cash-flow analysis, inventory reports, break-even analysis, return on investment, taxes, etc.). ABS.03. CCTC Standard: Manage cash budgets, credit budgets and credit for an AFNR business using generally accepted accounting principles. ABS.03.01. Performance Indicator: Develop, assess and manage cash budgets to achieve AFNR business goals. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework ABS.03.02. Performance Indicator: Analyze credit needs and manage credit budgets to achieve AFNR business goals. ABS.04. CCTC Standard: Develop a business plan for an AFNR business. ABS.04.01. Performance Indicator: Analyze characteristics and planning requirements associated with developing business plans for different types of AFNR businesses. ABS.04.02. Performance Indicator: Develop production and operational plans for an AFNR business. ABS.04.03. Performance Indicator: Identify and apply strategies to manage or mitigate risk. ABS.05. CCTC Standard: Use sales and marketing principles to accomplish AFNR business objectives. ABS.05.01. Performance Indicator: Analyze the role of markets, trade, competition and price in relation to an AFNR business sales and marketing plans. ABS.05.02. Performance Indicator: Assess and apply sales principles and skills to accomplish AFNR business objectives. ABS.05.03. Performance Indicator: Assess marketing principles and develop marketing plans to accomplish AFNR business objectives. Animal Systems Career Pathway Content Standards The Animal Systems (AS) Career Pathway encompasses the study of animal systems, including content areas such as life processes, health, nutrition, genetics, and management and processing, as applied to small animals, aquaculture, exotic animals, livestock, dairy, horses and/or poultry. Students completing a program of study in this pathway will demonstrate competence in the application of principles and techniques for the development, application and management of animal systems in AFNR settings. Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • Common Career Technical Core (CCTC) Standards – These are the standards for Animal Systems (AG-AS) from the 2012 version of the Common Career and Technical Core Standards, which are owned by the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education/National Career Technical Education Foundation and are used here with permission. These statements define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study for this pathway. • Performance Indicators – These statements distill each CCTC Standard into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related CCTC Standard at the conclusion of a program of study in this area. AS.01. CCTC Standard: Analyze historic and current trends impacting the animal systems industry. AS.01.01. Performance Indicator: Evaluate the development and implications of animal origin, domestication and distribution on production practices and the environment. AS.01.02. Performance Indicator: Assess and select animal production methods for use in animal systems based upon their effectiveness and impacts. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework AS.01.03. Performance Indicator: Analyze and apply laws and sustainable practices to animal agriculture from a global perspective. AS.02. CCTC Standard: Utilize best-practice protocols based upon animal behaviors for animal husbandry and welfare. AS.02.01. Performance Indicator: Demonstrate management techniques that ensure animal welfare. AS.02.02. Performance Indicator: Analyze procedures to ensure that animal products are safe for consumption (e.g., use in food system, etc.). AS.03. CCTC Standard: Design and provide proper animal nutrition to achieve desired outcomes for performance, development, reproduction and/or economic production. AS.03.01. Performance Indicator: Analyze the nutritional needs of animals. AS.03.02 Performance Indicator: Analyze feed rations and assess if they meet the nutritional needs of animals. AS.03.03 Performance Indicator: Utilize industry tools to make animal nutrition decisions. AS.04. CCTC Standard: Apply principles of animal reproduction to achieve desired outcomes for performance, development and/or economic production. AS.04.01. Performance Indicator: Evaluate animals for breeding readiness and soundness. AS.04.02. Performance Indicator: Apply scientific principles to select and care for breeding animals. AS.04.03 Performance Indicator: Apply scientific principles to breed animals. AS.05. CCTC Standard: Evaluate environmental factors affecting animal performance and implement procedures for enhancing performance and animal health. AS.05.01. Performance Indicator: Design animal housing, equipment and handling facilities for the major systems of animal production. AS.05.02. Performance Indicator: Comply with government regulations and safety standards for facilities used in animal production. AS.06. CCTC Standard: Classify, evaluate and select animals based on anatomical and physiological characteristics. AS.06.01. Performance Indicator: Classify animals according to taxonomic classification systems and use (e.g. agricultural, companion, etc.). AS.06.02. Performance Indicator: Apply principles of comparative anatomy and physiology to uses within various animal systems. AS.06.03. Performance Indicator: Select and train animals for specific purposes and maximum performance based on anatomy and physiology. AS.07. CCTC Standard: Apply principles of effective animal health care. AS.07.01. Performance Indicator: Design programs to prevent animal diseases, parasites and other disorders and ensure animal welfare. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework AS.07.02. Performance Indicator: Analyze biosecurity measures utilized to protect the welfare of animals on a local, state, national, and global level. AS.08. CCTC Standard: Analyze environmental factors associated with animal production. AS.08.01. Performance Indicator: Design and implement methods to reduce the effects of animal production on the environment. AS.08.02. Performance Indicator: Evaluate the effects of environmental conditions on animals and create plans to ensure favorable environments for animals. Common Career Technical Core Career Ready Practices Content Standards The CCTC CRPs encompass fundamental skills and practices that all students should acquire to be career ready such as: responsibility, productivity, healthy choices, maintaining personal finances, communication, decision-making, creativity and innovation, critical-thinking, problem solving, integrity, ethical leadership, management, career planning, technology use and cultural/global competency. Students completing a program of study in any AFNR career pathway will demonstrate the knowledge, skills and behaviors that are important to career ready through experiences in a variety of settings (e.g., classroom, CTSO, work-based learning, community etc.). DEFINITIONS: Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • Common Career Technical Core (CCTC) Standards – These are the standards for CRPs from the 2012 version of the Common Career and Technical Core Standards, which are owned by the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education/National Career Technical Education Foundation and are used here with permission. These statements define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study for this pathway. • Performance Indicators –These statements distill each CCTC Standard into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related CCTC Standard at the conclusion of a CTE program of study. CRP.01. CCTC Standard: Act as a responsible and contributing citizen and employee. CRP.01.01. Performance Indicator: Model personal responsibility in the workplace and community. CRP.01.02 Performance Indicator: Evaluate and consider the near-term and long-term impacts of personal and professional decisions on employers and community before taking action. CRP.01.03. Performance Indicator: Identify and act upon opportunities for professional and civic service at work and in the community. CRP.02. CCTC Standard: Apply appropriate academic and technical skills. CRP.02.01. Performance Indicator: Use strategic thinking to connect and apply academic learning, knowledge and skills to solve problems in the workplace and community. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework CRP.02.02. Performance Indicator: Use strategic thinking to connect and apply technical concepts to solve problems in the workplace and community. CRP.03. CCTC Standard: Attend to personal health and financial well-being. CRP.03.01. Performance Indicator: Design and implement a personal wellness plan. CRP.03.02. Performance Indicator: Design and implement a personal financial management plan. CRP.04. CCTC Standard: Communicate clearly, effectively and with reason. CRP.04.01. Performance Indicator: Speak using strategies that ensure clarity, logic, purpose and professionalism in formal and informal settings. CRP.04.02. Performance Indicator: Produce clear, reasoned and coherent written and visual communication in formal and informal settings. CRP.04.03. Performance Indicator: Model active listening strategies when interacting with others in formal and informal settings. CRP.05. CCTC Standard: Consider the environmental, social and economic impacts of decisions. CRP.05.01. Performance Indicator: Assess, identify and synthesize the information and resources needed to make decisions that positively impact the workplace and community. CRP.05.02. Performance Indicator: Make, defend and evaluate decisions at work and in the community using information about the potential environmental, social and economic impacts. CRP.06. CCTC Standard: Demonstrate creativity and innovation. CRP.06.01. Performance Indicator: Synthesize information, knowledge and experience to generate original ideas and challenge assumptions in the workplace and community. CRP.06.02. Performance Indicator: Assess a variety of workplace and community situations to identify ways to add value and improve the efficiency of processes and procedures. CRP.06.03. Performance Indicator: Create and execute a plan of action to act upon new ideas and introduce innovations to workplace and community organizations. CRP.07. CCTC Standard: Employ valid and reliable research strategies. CRP.07.01. Performance Indicator: Select and implement reliable research processes and methods to generate data for decision-making in the workplace and community. CRP.07.02. Performance Indicator: Evaluate the validity of sources and data used when considering the adoption of new technologies, practices and ideas in the workplace and community. CRP.08. CCTC Standard: Utilize critical thinking to make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. CRP.08.01. Performance Indicator: Apply reason and logic to evaluate workplace and community situations from multiple perspectives. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework CRP.08.02. Performance Indicator: Investigate, prioritize and select solutions to solve problems in the workplace and community. CRP.08.03. Performance Indicator: Establish plans to solve workplace and community problems and execute them with resiliency. CRP.09. CCTC Standard: Model integrity, ethical leadership and effective management. CRP.09.01. Performance Indicator: Model characteristics of ethical and effective leaders in the workplace and community (e.g. integrity, self-awareness, self- regulation, etc.). CRP.09.02. Performance Indicator: Implement personal management skills to function effectively and efficiently in the workplace (e.g., time management, planning, prioritizing, etc.). CRP.09.03. Performance Indicator: Demonstrate behaviors that contribute to a positive morale and culture in the workplace and community (e.g., positively influencing others, effectively communicating, etc.). CRP.10. CCTC Standard: Plan education and career path aligned to personal goals. CRP.10.01. Performance Indicator: Identify career opportunities within a career cluster that match personal interests, talents, goals and preferences. CRP.10.02. Performance Indicator: Examine career advancement requirements (e.g., education, certification, training, etc.) and create goals for continuous growth in a chosen career. CRP.10.03. Performance Indicator: Develop relationships with and assimilate input and/or advice from experts (e.g., counselors, mentors, etc.) to plan career and personal goals in a chosen career area. CRP.10.04. Performance Indicator: Identify, prepare, update and improve the tools and skills necessary to pursue a chosen career path. CRP.11. CCTC Standard: Use technology to enhance productivity. CRP.11.01. Performance Indicator: Research, select and use new technologies, tools and applications to maximize productivity in the workplace and community. CRP.11.02. Performance Indicator: Evaluate personal and organizational risks of technology use and take actions to prevent or minimize risks in the workplace and community. CRP.12. CCTC Standard: Work productively in teams while using cultural/global competence. CRP.12.01. Performance Indicator: Contribute to team-oriented projects and builds consensus to accomplish results using cultural global competence in the workplace and community. CRP.12.02. Performance Indicator: Create and implement strategies to engage team members to work toward team and organizational goals in a variety of workplace and community situations (e.g., meetings, presentations, etc.). Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources Cluster Skill Content Standards The AFNR Cluster Skills (CS) encompasses the study of fundamental knowledge and skills related to all AFNR professions. Students completing a program of study in any AFNR career Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework pathway will demonstrate fundamental knowledge of the nature, scope and relationships of AFNR systems and the skills necessary for analysis of current and historical issues and trends; application of technologies; safety, health and environmental practices; stewardship of natural resources; and exploration of career opportunities. Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • Common Career Technical Core (CCTC) Standards – These are the standards for Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Career Cluster® (AG) from the 2012 version of the Common Career and Technical Core Standards, which are owned by the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education/National Career Technical Education Foundation and are used here with permission. These statements define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study for this pathway. • Performance Indicators –These statements distill each CCTC Standard into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related CCTC Standard at the conclusion of a program of study in this area. CS.01. CCTC Standard: Analyze how issues, trends, technologies and public policies impact systems in the Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources Career Cluster. CS.01.01. Performance Indicator: Research, examine and discuss issues and trends that impact AFNR systems on local, state, national and global levels. CS.01.02. Performance Indicator: Examine technologies and analyze their impact on AFNR systems. CS.01.03. Performance Indicator: Identify public policies and examine their impact on AFNR systems. CS.02. CCTC Standard: Evaluate the nature and scope of the Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources Career Cluster and the role of agriculture, food and natural resources (AFNR) in society and the economy. CS.02.01. Performance Indicator: Research and use geographic and economic data to solve problems in AFNR systems. CS.02.02. Performance Indicator: Examine the components of the AFNR systems and assess their impact on the local, state, national and global society and economy. CS.03. CCTC Standard: Examine and summarize the importance of health, safety and environmental management systems in AFNR workplaces. CS.03.01. Performance Indicator: Identify and explain the implications of required regulations to maintain and improve safety, health and environmental management systems. CS.03.02. Performance Indicator: Develop and implement a plan to maintain and improve health, safety and environmental compliance and performance. CS.03.03. Performance Indicator: Apply health and safety practices to AFNR workplaces. CS.03.04. Performance Indicator: Use appropriate protective equipment and demonstrate safe and proper use of AFNR tools and equipment. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework CS.04. CCTC Standard: Demonstrate stewardship of natural resources in AFNR activities. CS.04.01. Performance Indicator: Identify and implement practices to steward natural resources in different AFNR systems. CS.04.02. Performance Indicator: Assess and explain the natural resource related trends, technologies and policies that impact AFNR systems. CS.05. CCTC Standard: Describe career opportunities and means to achieve those opportunities in each of the Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources career pathways. CS.05.01. Performance Indicator: Evaluate and implement the steps and requirements to pursue a career opportunity in each of the AFNR career pathways (e.g., goals, degrees, certifications, resumes, cover letter, portfolios, interviews, etc.). CS.06. CCTC Standard: Analyze the interaction among AFNR systems in the production, processing and management of food, fiber and fuel and the sustainable use of natural resources. CS.06.01. Performance Indicator: Examine and explain foundational cycles and systems of AFNR. CS.06.02. Performance Indicator: Analyze and explain the connection and relationships between different AFNR systems on a national and global level. Biotechnology Systems Career Pathway Content Standards The Biotechnology Systems (BS) Career Pathway encompasses the study of using data and scientific techniques to solve problems concerning living organisms with an emphasis on applications to agriculture, food and natural resource systems. Students completing a program of study in this pathway will demonstrate competence in the application of principles and techniques for the development, application and management of biotechnology in the context of AFNR. Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • National Council for Agricultural Education (NCAE) Standard* – These are the standards set forth by the National Council for Agricultural Education for Biotechnology Systems. They define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study focused on applying biotechnology to AFNR systems. • Performance Indicators – These statements distill each performance element into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related performance element at the conclusion of a program of study in this area. BS.01. NCAE Standard: Assess factors that have influenced the evolution of biotechnology in agriculture (e.g., historical events, societal trends, ethical and legal implications, etc.). BS.01.01. Performance Indicator: Investigate and explain the relationship between past, current and emerging applications of biotechnology in agriculture (e.g., major innovators, historical developments, potential applications of biotechnology, etc.). Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework BS.01.02. Performance Indicator: Evaluate the scope and implications of regulatory agencies on applications of biotechnology in agriculture and protection of public interests (e.g., health, safety, environmental issues, etc.). BS.01.03. Performance Indicator: Analyze the relationship and implications of bioethics, laws and public perceptions on applications of biotechnology in agriculture (e.g., ethical, legal, social, cultural issues). BS.02. NCAE Standard: Demonstrate proficiency by safely applying appropriate laboratory skills to complete tasks in a biotechnology research and development environment (e.g., standard operating procedures, record keeping, aseptic technique, equipment maintenance, etc.). BS.02.01. Performance Indicator: Read, document, evaluate and secure accurate laboratory records of experimental protocols, observations and results. BS.02.02. Performance Indicator: Implement standard operating procedures for the proper maintenance, use and sterilization of equipment in a laboratory. BS.02.03. Performance Indicator: Apply standard operating procedures for the safe handling of biological and chemical materials in a laboratory. BS.02.04. Performance Indicator: Safely manage and dispose of biological materials, chemicals and wastes according to standard operating procedures. BS.02.05. Performance Indicator: Examine and perform scientific procedures using microbes, DNA, RNA and proteins in a laboratory. BS.03. NCAE Standard: Demonstrate the application of biotechnology to solve problems in Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources (AFNR) systems (e.g., bioengineering, food processing, waste management, horticulture, forestry, livestock, crops, etc.). BS.03.01. Performance Indicator: Apply biotechnology principles, techniques and processes to create transgenic species through genetic engineering. BS.03.02. Performance Indicator: Apply biotechnology principles, techniques and processes to enhance the production of food through the use of microorganisms and enzymes. BS.03.03. Performance Indicator: Apply biotechnology principles, techniques and processes to protect the environment and maximize use of natural resources (e.g., biomass, bioprospecting, industrial biotechnology, etc.). BS.03.04. Performance Indicator: Apply biotechnology principles, techniques and processes to enhance plant and animal care and production (e.g., selective breeding, pharmaceuticals, biodiversity, etc.). BS.03.05. Performance Indicator: Apply biotechnology principles, techniques and processes to produce biofuels (e.g., fermentation, transesterification, methanogenesis, etc.). BS.03.06. Performance Indicator: Apply biotechnology principles, techniques and processes to improve waste management (e.g., genetically modified organisms, bioremediation, etc.). Environmental Service Systems Career Pathway Content Standards Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework The Environmental Service Systems (ESS) Career Pathway encompasses the study of systems, instruments and technology used to monitor and minimize the impact of human activity on environmental systems. Students completing a program of study in this pathway will demonstrate competence in the application of principles and techniques for the development, application and management of environmental service systems in AFNR settings. Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • Common Career Technical Core (CCTC) Standards – These are the standards for Environmental Service Systems (AG-ESS) from the 2012 version of the Common Career and Technical Core Standards, which are owned by the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education/National Career Technical Education Foundation and are used here with permission. These statements define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study for this pathway. • Performance Indicators – These statements distill each CCTC Standard into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related CCTC Standard at the conclusion of a program of study in this area. ESS.01. CCTC Standard: Use analytical procedures and instruments to manage environmental service systems. ESS.01.01. Performance Indicator: Analyze and interpret laboratory and field samples in environmental service systems. ESS.01.02. Performance Indicator: Properly utilize scientific instruments in environmental monitoring situations (e.g., laboratory equipment, environmental monitoring instruments, etc.). ESS.02. CCTC Standard: Evaluate the impact of public policies and regulations on environmental service system operations. ESS.02.01. Performance Indicator: Interpret and evaluate the impact of laws, agencies, policies and practices affecting environmental service systems. ESS.02.02. Performance Indicator: Compare and contrast the impact of current trends on regulation of environmental service systems (e.g., climate change, population growth, international trade, etc.). ESS.02.03. Performance Indicator: Examine and summarize the impact of public perceptions and social movements on the regulation of environmental service systems. ESS.03. CCTC Standard: Develop proposed solutions to environmental issues, problems and applications using scientific principles of meteorology, soil science, hydrology, microbiology, chemistry and ecology. ESS.03.01. Performance Indicator: Apply meteorology principles to environmental service systems. ESS.03.02. Performance Indicator: Apply soil science and hydrology principles to environmental service systems. ESS.03.03. Performance Indicator: Apply chemistry principles to environmental service systems. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework ESS.03.04. Performance Indicator: Apply microbiology principles to environmental service systems. ESS.03.05. Performance Indicator: Apply ecology principles to environmental service systems. ESS.04. CCTC Standard: Demonstrate the operation of environmental service systems (e.g., pollution control, water treatment, wastewater treatment, solid waste management and energy conservation). ESS.04.01. Performance Indicator: Use pollution control measures to maintain a safe facility and environment. ESS.04.02. Performance Indicator: Manage safe disposal of all categories of solid waste in environmental service systems. ESS.04.03. Performance Indicator: Apply techniques to ensure a safe supply of drinking water and adequate treatment of wastewater according to applicable rules and regulations. ESS.04.04. Performance Indicator: Compare and contrast the impact of conventional and alternative energy sources on the environment and operation of environmental service systems. ESS.05. CCTC Standard: Use tools, equipment, machinery and technology common to tasks in environmental service systems. ESS.05.01. Performance Indicator: Use technological and mathematical tools to map land, facilities and infrastructure for environmental service systems. ESS.05.02. Performance Indicator: Perform assessments of environmental conditions using equipment, machinery and technology. Food Products and Processing Systems Career Pathway Content Standards The Food Products and Processing Systems (FPP) Career Pathway encompasses the study of food safety and sanitation; nutrition, biology, microbiology, chemistry and human behavior in local and global food systems; food selection and processing for storage, distribution and consumption; and the historical and current development of the food industry. Students completing a program of study in this pathway will demonstrate competence in the application of principles and techniques for the development, application and management of food products and processing systems in AFNR settings. Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • Common Career Technical Core (CCTC) Standards – These are the standards for Food Products and Processing Systems (AG-FPP) from the 2012 version of the Common Career and Technical Core Standards, which are owned by the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education/National Career Technical Education Foundation and are used here with permission. These statements define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study for this pathway. • Performance Indicators – These statements distill each CCTC Standard into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related CCTC Standard at the conclusion of a program of study in this area. FPP.01. CCTC Standard: Develop and implement procedures to ensure safety, sanitation and quality in food product and processing facilities. FPP.01.01. Performance Indicator: Analyze and manage operational and safety procedures in food products and processing facilities. FPP.01.02. Performance Indicator: Apply food safety and sanitation procedures in the handling and processing of food products to ensure food quality. FPP.01.03. Performance Indicator: Apply food safety procedures when storing food products to ensure food quality. FPP.02. CCTC Standard: Apply principles of nutrition, biology, microbiology, chemistry and human behavior to the development of food products. FPP.02.01. Performance Indicator: Apply principles of nutrition and biology to develop food products that provide a safe, wholesome and nutritious food supply for local and global food systems. FPP.02.02. Performance Indicator: Apply principles of microbiology and chemistry to develop food products to provide a safe, wholesome and nutritious food supply for local and global food systems. FPP.02.03. Performance Indicator: Apply principles of human behavior to develop food products to provide a safe, wholesome and nutritious food supply for local and global food systems. FPP.03. CCTC Standard: Select and process food products for storage, distribution and consumption. FPP.03.01. Performance Indicator: Implement selection, evaluation and inspection techniques to ensure safe and quality food products. FPP.03.02. Performance Indicator: Design and apply techniques of food processing, preservation, packaging and presentation for distribution and consumption of food products. FPP.03.03. Performance Indicator: Create food distribution plans and procedures to ensure safe delivery of food products. FPP.04. CCTC Standard: Explain the scope of the food industry and the historical and current developments of food product and processing. FPP.04.01. Performance Indicator: Examine the scope of the food industry by evaluating local and global policies, trends and customs for food production. FPP.04.02. Performance Indicator: Evaluate the significance and implications of changes and trends in the food products and processing industry in the local and global food systems. FPP.04.03. Performance Indicator: Identify and explain the purpose of industry organizations, groups and regulatory agencies that influence the local and global food systems. Natural Resource Systems Career Pathway Content Standards Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework The Natural Resource Systems (NRS) Career Pathway encompasses the study of the management, protection, enhancement and improvement of soil, water, wildlife, forests and air as natural resources. Students completing a program of study in this pathway will demonstrate competence in the application of principles and techniques for the development, application and management of natural resource systems in AFNR settings. Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • Common Career Technical Core (CCTC) Standards – These are the standards for Natural Resource Systems (AG-NRS) from the 2012 version of the Common Career and Technical Core Standards, which are owned by the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education/National Career Technical Education Foundation and are used here with permission. These statements define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study for this pathway. • Performance Indicators – These statements distill each CCTC Standard into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related CCTC Standard at the conclusion of a program of study in this area. NRS.01. CCTC Standard: Plan and conduct natural resource management activities that apply logical, reasoned and scientifically based solutions to natural resource issues and goals. NRS.01.01. Performance Indicator: Apply methods of classification to examine natural resource availability and ecosystem function in a particular region. NRS.01.02. Performance Indicator: Classify different types of natural resources in order to enable protection, conservation, enhancement and management in a particular geographical region. NRS.01.03. Performance Indicator: Apply ecological concepts and principles to atmospheric natural resource systems. NRS.01.04. Performance Indicator: Apply ecological concepts and principles to aquatic natural resource systems. NRS.01.05. Performance Indicator: Apply ecological concepts and principles to terrestrial natural resource systems. NRS.01.06. Performance Indicator: Apply ecological concepts and principles to living organisms in natural resource systems. NRS.02. CCTC Standard: Analyze the interrelationships between natural resources and humans. NRS.02.01. Performance Indicator: Examine and interpret the purpose, enforcement, impact and effectiveness of laws and agencies related to natural resource management, protection, enhancement and improvement (e.g., water regulations, game laws, historic preservation laws, environmental policy, etc.). NRS.02.02. Performance Indicator: Assess the impact of human activities on the availability of natural resources. NRS.02.03. Performance Indicator: Analyze how modern perceptions of natural resource management, protection, enhancement and improvement change and develop over time. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework NRS.02.04. Performance Indicator: Examine and explain how economics affects the use of natural resources. NRS.02.05. Performance Indicator: Communicate information to the public regarding topics related to the management, protection, enhancement, and improvement of natural resources. NRS.03. CCTC Standard: Develop plans to ensure sustainable production and processing of natural resources. NRS.03.01. Performance Indicator: Sustainably produce, harvest, process and use natural resource products (e.g., forest products, wildlife, minerals, fossil fuels, shale oil, alternative energy, recreation, aquatic species, etc.). NRS.03.02. Performance Indicator: Demonstrate cartographic skills, tools and technologies to aid in developing, implementing and evaluating natural resource management plans. NRS.04. CCTC Standard: Demonstrate responsible management procedures and techniques to protect, maintain, enhance, and improve natural resources. NRS.04.01. Performance Indicator: Demonstrate natural resource protection, maintenance, enhancement and improvement techniques. NRS.04.02. Performance Indicator: Diagnose plant and wildlife diseases and follow protocols to prevent their spread. NRS.04.03. Performance Indicator: Prevent or manage introduction of ecologically harmful species in a particular region. NRS.04.04. Performance Indicator: Manage fires in natural resource systems. Plant Science Systems Career Pathway Content Standards The Plant Systems (PS) Career Pathway encompasses the study of plant life cycles, classifications, functions, structures, reproduction, media and nutrients, as wells as growth and cultural practices through the study of crops, turfgrass, trees, shrubs and/or ornamental plants. Students completing a program of study in this pathway will demonstrate competence in the application of principles and techniques for the development, application and management of plant systems in AFNR settings. Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • Common Career Technical Core (CCTC) Standards – These are the standards for Plant Systems (AG-PS) from the 2012 version of the Common Career and Technical Core Standards, which are owned by the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education/National Career Technical Education Foundation and are used here with permission. These statements define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study for this pathway. • Performance Indicators – These statements distill each CCTC Standard into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related CCTC Standard at the conclusion of a program of study in this area. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework PS.01. CCTC Standard: Develop and implement a crop management plan for a given production goal that accounts for environmental factors. PS.01.01. Performance Indicator: Determine the influence of environmental factors on plant growth. PS.01.02. Performance Indicator: Prepare and manage growing media for use in plant systems. PS.01.03. Performance Indicator: Develop and implement a fertilization plan for specific plants or crops. PS.02. CCTC Standard: Apply principles of classification, plant anatomy, and plant physiology to plant production and management. PS.02.01. Performance Indicator: Classify plants according to taxonomic systems. PS.02.02. Performance Indicator: Apply knowledge of plant anatomy and the functions of plant structures to activities associated with plant systems. PS.02.03. Performance Indicator: Apply knowledge of plant physiology and energy conversion to plant systems. PS.03. CCTC Standard: Propagate, culture and harvest plants and plant products based on current industry standards. PS.03.01. Performance Indicator: Demonstrate plant propagation techniques in plant system activities. PS.03.02. Performance Indicator: Develop and implement a management plan for plant production. PS.03.03. Performance Indicator: Develop and implement a plan for integrated pest management for plant production. PS.03.04. Performance Indicator: Apply principles and practices of sustainable agriculture to plant production. PS.03.05. Performance Indicator: Harvest, handle and store crops according to current industry standards. PS.04. CCTC Standard: Apply principles of design in plant systems to enhance an environment (e.g. floral, forest landscape, and farm). PS.04.01. Performance Indicator: Evaluating, identifying and preparing plants to enhance an environment. PS.04.02. Performance Indicator: Create designs using plants. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework Power, Structural and Technical Systems Career Pathway Content Standards The Power, Structural and Technical Systems (PST) Career Pathway encompasses the study of agricultural equipment, power systems, alternative fuel sources and precision technology, as well as woodworking, metalworking, welding and project planning for agricultural structures. Students completing a program of study in this pathway will demonstrate competence in the application of principles and techniques for the development, application and management of power, structural and technical systems in AFNR settings. Within each pathway, the standards are organized as follows: • Common Career Technical Core (CCTC) Standards – These are the standards for Power, Structural and Technical Systems (AG-PST) from the 2012 version of the Common Career and Technical Core Standards, which are owned by the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education/National Career Technical Education Foundation and are used here with permission. These statements define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study for this pathway. • Performance Indicators – These statements distill each CCTC Standard into more discrete indicators of the knowledge and skills students should attain through a program of study in this pathway. Attainment of the knowledge and skills outlined in the performance indicators is intended to demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency with the related CCTC Standard at the conclusion of a program of study in this area. PST.01. CCTC Standard: Apply physical science principles and engineering applications to solve problems and improve performance in AFNR power, structural and technical systems. PST.01.01. Performance Indicator: Apply physical science and engineering principles to assess and select energy sources for AFNR power, structural and technical systems. PST.01.02. Performance Indicator: Apply physical science and engineering principles to design, implement and improve safe and efficient mechanical systems in AFNR situations. PST.01.03. Performance Indicator: Apply physical science principles to metal fabrication using a variety of welding and cutting processes (e.g., SMAW, GMAW, GTAW, fuel-oxygen and plasma arc torch, etc.). PST.02. CCTC Standard: Operate and maintain AFNR mechanical equipment and power systems. PST.02.01. Performance Indicator: Perform preventative maintenance and scheduled service to maintain equipment, machinery and power units used in AFNR settings. PST.02.02. Performance Indicator: Operate machinery and equipment while observing all safety precautions in AFNR settings. PST.03. CCTC Standard: Service and repair AFNR mechanical equipment and power systems. PST.03.01. Performance Indicator: Troubleshoot, service and repair components of internal combustion engines using manufacturers’ guidelines. PST.03.02. Performance Indicator: Service electrical systems and components of mechanical equipment and power systems using a variety of troubleshooting and/or diagnostic methods. Mississippi CTE Curriculum Framework PST.03.03. Performance Indicator: Utilize manufacturers’ guidelines to diagnose and troubleshoot malfunctions in machinery, equipment and power source systems (e.g., hydraulic, pneumatic, transmission, steering, suspension, etc.). PST.04. CCTC Standard: Plan, build and maintain AFNR structures. PST.04.01. Performance Indicator: Create sketches and plans for AFNR structures. PST.04.02. Performance Indicator: Determine structural requirements, specifications and estimate costs for AFNR structures PST.04.03. Performance Indicator: Follow architectural and mechanical plans to construct, maintain and/or repair AFNR structures (e.g., material selection, site preparation and/or layout, plumbing, concrete/masonry, etc.). PST.04.04. Performance Indicator: Apply electrical wiring principles in AFNR structures. PST.05. CCTC Standard: Use control, monitoring, geospatial and other technologies in AFNR power, structural and technical systems. PST.05.01. Performance Indicator: Apply computer and other technologies (e.g., robotics, CNC, UAS, etc.) to solve problems and increase the efficiency of AFNR systems. PST.05.02. Performance Indicator: Prepare and/or use electrical drawings to design, install and troubleshoot electronic control systems in AFNR settings. PST.05.03. Performance Indicator: Apply geospatial technologies to solve problems and increase the efficiency of AFNR systems.