ARM 10.53.426. DEFINITIONS

For purposes of the English language arts and literacy content standards contained in this subchapter, the following definitions apply: (1) "Automaticity" means the ability to read words quickly and effortlessly. (2) "Connotative" describes implied ideas or associations beyond the denotative meaning of a word. (3) "Decoding" means the ability to apply sound-symbol relationships to read words. (4) "Encoding" means the translation of spoken word or sounds into writing or spelling. (5) "Etymology" means the study of the origin of words and the historical development of their meaning. (6) "Figurative" describes non-literal or metaphorical use of language. (7) "Fluency" means the ability to read a text accurately, with appropriate pace and expression. Fluency includes the skills of accuracy, automaticity, and prosody. (8) "Grapheme" means a letter or group of letters that represents a single phoneme. (9) "Morpheme" means the smallest meaningful unit of language that cannot be further divided, including affixes, prefixes, suffixes, and roots. (10) "Morphological awareness" means the recognition, understanding, and use of morphemes that strengthens word recognition and spelling. (11) "Morphology" means the study of morphemes and how they are combined. (12) "Phoneme" means an individual sound. English is made up of 44 phonemes. (13) "Phoneme-grapheme correspondence" means the ability to match a phoneme (single sound) to a grapheme (written representation) and vice versa. (14) "Phonemic awareness" means the ability to recognize and manipulate individual phonemes in spoken language. (15) "Phonological awareness" means the ability to recognize and manipulate various sounds in spoken language, including word parts, syllables, rhymes, and phonemes. (16) "Prosody" means reading with appropriate expression and intonation, including pitch, tone, volume, and word emphasis. (17) "Rhetoric" means the art of effective speaking or writing. (18) "Syllabication" means the division of words into syllables.