Rule 1-004. Process.

A. (1) Scope of rule. The provisions of this rule govern the issuance and service of process in all civil actions including special statutory proceedings except the provisions for service of process in Rule 1-077.1(E) shall apply in proceedings brought under the Criminal Records Expungement Act, NMSA 1978, Sections 29-3A-1 to -9. (2) Summons; issuance. Upon the filing of the complaint, the clerk shall issue a summons and deliver it to the plaintiff for service. Upon the request of the plaintiff, the clerk shall issue separate or additional summons. Any defendant may waive the issuance or service of summons. B. Summons; execution; form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, issued under the seal of the court and be directed to the defendant. The summons shall be substantially in the form approved by the Supreme Court and must contain: (1) the name of the court in which the action is brought, the name of the county in which the complaint is filed, the docket number of the case, the name of the first party on each side, with an appropriate indication of the other parties, and the name of each party to whom the summons is directed; (2) a direction that the defendant serve a responsive pleading or motion within thirty (30) days after service of the summons and file a copy of the pleading or motion with the court as provided by Rule 1-005 NMRA; (3) a notice that unless the defendant serves and files a responsive pleading or motion, the plaintiff may apply to the court for the relief demanded in the complaint; and (4) the name, address and telephone number of the plaintiff’s attorney. If the plaintiff is not represented by an attorney, the name, address and telephone number of the plaintiff. C. Service of process; return. (1) If a summons is to be served, it shall be served together with any other pleading or paper required to be served by this rule. The plaintiff shall furnish the person making service with such copies as are necessary. (2) Service of process shall be made with reasonable diligence, and the original summons with proof of service shall be filed with the court in accordance with the provisions of Paragraph L of this rule. D. Process; by whom served. Process shall be served as follows: (1) if the process to be served is a summons and complaint, petition or other paper, service may be made by any person who is over the age of eighteen (18) years and not a party to the action; (2) if the process to be served is a writ of attachment, writ of replevin or writ of habeas corpus, service may be made by any person not a party to the action over the age of eighteen (18) years designated by the court to perform such service or by the sheriff of the county where the property or person may be found; (3) if the process to be served is a writ other than a writ specified in Subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, service shall be made as provided by law or order of the court. E. Process; how served; generally. (1) Process shall be served in a manner reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise the defendant of the existence and pendency of the action and to afford a reasonable opportunity to appear and defend. (2) Service may be made, subject to the restrictions and requirements of this rule, by the methods authorized by this rule or in the manner provided for by any applicable statute, to the extent that the statute does not conflict with this rule. (3) Service may be made by mail or commercial courier service provided that the envelope is addressed to the named defendant and further provided that the defendant or a person authorized by appointment, by law or by this rule to accept service of process upon the defendant signs a receipt for the envelope or package containing the summons and complaint, writ or other process. Service by mail or commercial courier service shall be complete on the date the receipt is signed as provided by this subparagraph. For purposes of this rule “signs” includes the electronic representation of a signature. F. Process; personal service upon an individual. (1) Personal service of process shall be made upon an individual by delivering a copy of a summons and complaint or other process: (a) to the individual personally; or if the individual refuses to accept service, by leaving the process at the location where the individual has been found; and if the individual refuses to receive such copies or permit them to be left, such action shall constitute valid service; or (b) by mail or commercial courier service as provided in Subparagraph (3) of Paragraph E of this rule. (2) If, after the plaintiff attempts service of process by either of the methods of service provided by Subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, the defendant has not signed for or accepted service, service may be made by delivering a copy of the process to some person residing at the usual place of abode of the defendant who is over the age of fifteen (15) years and mailing by first class mail to the defendant at the defendant’s last known mailing address a copy of the process; or (3) If service is not accomplished in accordance with Subparagraphs (1) and (2), then service of process may be made by delivering a copy of the process at the actual place of business or employment of the defendant to the person apparently in charge thereof and by mailing a copy of the summons and complaint by first class mail to the defendant at the defendant’s last known mailing address and at the defendant’s actual place of business or employment. (4) Service by social media, e-mail and text message. (a) Upon motion, without notice, and showing by affidavit or other sworn testimony that service cannot be reasonably be made under Subparagraphs (F)(1), (F)(2), or (F)(3) of this rule, the court may authorize service of process by social media, e-mail, text message, or a combination of these methods. (b) The party who seeks leave to serve process under this paragraph must demonstrate the following: (i) that the plaintiff made a diligent attempt to accomplish service under Subparagraphs (F)(1), (F)(2), and (F)(3) of this rule, or that service is impractical under Subparagraphs (F)(1), (F)(2), or (F)(3) of this rule; (ii) that the defendant has access to, and reasonable ability to use, the necessary technology to receive and read the information required for service through the proposed electronic service methods or method, including a showing that the defendant is an owner of the specific social media account, e-mail address, or telephone number proposed for service and the defendant, within thirty (30) days of the motion, has sent transmissions from that specific social media account, e-mail address, or telephone number proposed for service; and (iii) that the proposed electronic service methods or method allows for the contents required under this subparagraph. (c) Content of order authorizing service. The court may order service by social media, e-mail, text message, or a combination of these methods, that is reasonably calculated under the circumstances to apprise the defendant of the existence and pendency of the action and afford a reasonable opportunity to appear and defend. The order shall also require the plaintiff to mail by first class mail to the defendant at the defendant’s last known mailing address a copy of the summons, pleadings, and any other required documents within ten (10) days of the first service by social media, e-mail, or text message. The order shall also require the plaintiff to serve electronically via the methods or method authorized in Subparagraphs (F)(4)(d), (F)(4)(e), and/or (F)(4)(f) once each week for three consecutive weeks, and service is complete on the last transmission. (d) Service by social media. Service by social media shall be made by sending a direct message through the social media platform on which the defendant has an active account as demonstrated under Subparagraph (F)(4)(b)(ii). A direct message is a means of communicating directly with the defendant in a method reasonably calculated under the circumstances to reach the defendant directly. The direct message must include the following information in the following order: (i) the names of all parties to the case and the docket number of the case; (ii) the statement: “Important information—You have been made a party to a court case. If you do not file a response in the case, the court may decide the case without hearing from you, and you could lose the case.”; (iii) all other information required for effective service by publication under Paragraph K of this rule; and (iv) the following statement: “You may verify this court case by visiting the New Mexico Courts website, clicking on the Case Lookup link, and searching for your name or for the docket number of the case.” (e) Service by e-mail. Service by e-mail shall be made by: (i) sending an e-mail to the defendant’s current e-mail address approved by the court; (ii) stating in the subject line of the e-mail message the following statement: “Important information—You have been made a party to a court case,” the names of all parties to the case, and the docket number of the case; (iii) including in the body of the e-mail, the following statement: “You have been made a party to a court case. If you do not file a response in the case, the court may decide the case without hearing from you, and you could lose the case.”; (iv) including in the body of the e-mail all other information required for effective service by publication under Paragraph K of this rule; and (v) including in the body of the e-mail the following statement: “You may verify this court case by visiting the New Mexico Courts website, clicking on the Case Lookup link, and searching for your name or for the docket number of the case.” When supported by the plaintiff’s e-mail servers and applications, the e-mail shall be sent with both delivery and read receipts requested, and through any substitute function that provides verification of message delivery. (f) Service by text message. Service by text message shall be made by: (i) sending a text message to the defendant’s cellular telephone number approved by the court as identified under Subparagraph (F)(4)(b)(ii) of this rule that provides the defendant with the names of all parties to the case, the name and location of the court in which suit has been filed, the docket number of the case, and the following statement: “Important information—You have been made a party to a court case. If you do not file a response in the case, the court may decide the case without hearing from you, and you could lose the case”; (ii) including in the text message all other information required for effective service by publication under Paragraph K of this rule; and (iii) including in the text message the following statement: “You may verify this court case by visiting the New Mexico Courts website, clicking on the Case Lookup link, and searching for your name or for the docket number of the case.” G. Process; service on corporation or other business entity. (1) Service may be made upon: (a) a domestic or foreign corporation, a limited liability company or an equivalent business entity by serving a copy of the process to an officer, a managing or a general agent or to any other agent authorized by appointment, by law or by this rule to receive service of process. If the agent is one authorized by statute to receive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant; (b) a partnership by serving a copy of the process to any general partner; (c) an unincorporated association which is subject to suit under a common name, by serving a copy of the process to an officer, a managing or general agent or to any other agent authorized by appointment, by law or by this rule to receive service of process. If the agent is one authorized by law to receive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the unincorporated association. (2) If a person described in Subparagraph (a), (b) or (c) of this subparagraph refuses to accept the process, tendering service as provided in this paragraph shall constitute valid service. If none of the persons mentioned is available, service may be made by delivering a copy of the process or other papers to be served at the principal office or place of business during regular business hours to the person in charge. (3) Service may be made on a person or entity described in Subparagraph (1) of this paragraph by mail or commercial courier service in the manner provided in Subparagraph (3) of Paragraph E of this rule. H. Process; service upon state or political subdivisions. (1) Service may be made upon the State of New Mexico or a political subdivision of the state: (a) in any action in which the state is named a party defendant, by delivering a copy of the process to the governor and to the attorney general; (b) in any action in which a branch, agency, bureau, department, commission or institution of the state is named a party defendant, by delivering a copy of the process to the head of the branch, agency, bureau, department, commission or institution and to the attorney general; (c) in any action in which an officer, official, or employee of the state or one of its branches, agencies, bureaus, departments, commissions or institutions is named a party defendant, by delivering a copy of the process to the officer, official or employee and to the attorney general; (d) in garnishment actions, service of writs of garnishment shall be made on the department of finance and administration, on the attorney general and on the head of the branch, agency, bureau, department, commission or institution. A copy of the writ of garnishment shall be delivered or served on the defendant employee in the manner and priority provided in Paragraph F of this rule; (e) service of process on the governor, attorney general, agency, bureau, department, commission or institution may be made either by serving a copy of the process to the governor, attorney general or the chief operating officer of an entity listed in this subparagraph or to the receptionist of the state officer. A cabinet secretary, a department, bureau, agency or commission director or an executive secretary shall be considered as the chief operating officer; (f) upon any county by serving a copy of the process to the county clerk; (g) upon a municipal corporation by serving a copy of the process to the city clerk, town clerk or village clerk; (h) upon a school district or school board by serving a copy of the process to the superintendent of the district; (i) upon the board of trustees of any land grant referred to in NMSA 1978, Sections 49-1-1 through 49-10-6, process shall be served upon the president or in the president’s absence upon the secretary of such board. (2) Service may be made on a person or entity described in Subparagraph (1) of this paragraph by mail or commercial courier service in the manner provided in Subparagraph (3) of Paragraph E of this rule. I. Process; service upon minor, incompetent person, guardian or fiduciary. (1) Service shall be made: (a) upon a minor, if there is a conservator of the estate or guardian of the minor, by serving a copy of the process to the conservator or guardian in the manner and priority provided in Paragraph F, G or J of this rule as may be appropriate. If no conservator or guardian has been appointed for the minor, service shall be made on the minor by serving a copy of the process on each person who has legal authority over the minor. If no person has legal authority over the minor, process may be served on a person designated by the court. (b) upon an incompetent person, if there is a conservator of the estate or guardian of the incompetent person, by serving a copy of the process to the conservator or guardian in the manner and priority provided by Paragraph F of this rule. If the incompetent person does not have a conservator or guardian, process may be served on a person designated by the court. (2) Service upon a personal representative, guardian, conservator, trustee or other fiduciary in the same manner and priority for service as provided in Paragraphs F, G or J of this rule as may be appropriate. J. Process; service in manner approved by court. Upon motion, without notice, and showing by affidavit that service cannot reasonably be made as provided by this rule, the court may order service by any method or combination of methods, including publication, that is reasonably calculated under all of the circumstances to apprise the defendant of the existence and pendency of the action and afford a reasonable opportunity to appear and defend. K. Process; service by publication. Service by publication may be made only pursuant to Paragraph J of this rule. A motion for service by publication shall be substantially in the form approved by the Supreme Court. A copy of the proposed notice to be published shall be attached to the motion. Service by publication shall be made once each week for three consecutive weeks unless the court for good cause shown orders otherwise. Service by publication is complete on the date of the last publication. (1) Service by publication pursuant to this rule shall be by giving a notice of the pendency of the action in a newspaper of general circulation in the county where the action is pending. Unless a newspaper of general circulation in the county where the action is pending is the newspaper most likely to give the defendant notice of the pendency of the action, the court shall also order that a notice of pendency of the action be published in a newspaper of general circulation in the county which reasonably appears is most likely to give the defendant notice of the action. (2) The notice of pendency of action shall contain: (a) the caption of the case, as provided in Rule 1-008.1 NMRA, including a statement which describes the action or relief requested; (b) the name of the defendant or, if there is more than one defendant, the name of each of the defendants against whom service by publication is sought; (c) the name, address and telephone number of plaintiff’s attorney; (d) the name and address of the court in which the case is filed; and (e) a statement that a default judgment may be entered if a response is not filed. (3) If the cause of action involves real property, the notice shall describe the property as follows: (a) If the property has a street address, the name of the municipality or county address and the street address of the property. (b) If the property is located in a Spanish or Mexican grant, the name of the grant. (c) If the property has been subdivided, the subdivision description or if the property has not been subdivided the metes and bounds of the property. (4) In actions to quiet title or in other proceedings where unknown heirs are parties, notice shall be given to the “unknown heirs of the following named deceased persons” followed by the names of the deceased persons whose unknown heirs are sought to be served. As to parties named in the alternative, the notice shall be given to “the following named defendants by name, if living; if deceased, their unknown heirs” followed by the names of the defendants. As to parties named as “unknown claimants”, notice shall be given to the “unknown persons who may claim a lien, interest or title adverse to the plaintiff” followed by the names of the deceased persons whose unknown claimants are sought to be served. L. Proof of service of process. The party obtaining service of process or that party’s agent shall promptly file proof of service. When service is made by the sheriff or a deputy sheriff of the county in New Mexico, proof of service, including, if applicable, the date of mailing, shall be by certificate; and when made by a person other than a sheriff or a deputy sheriff of a New Mexico county, proof of service shall be made by affidavit. Proof of service by mail or commercial courier service shall be established by filing with the court a certificate of service which shall include the date of delivery by the post office or commercial courier service and a copy of the defendant’s signature receipt. Proof of service by social media, e-mail, or text message shall be made by affidavit and shall include copies of the messages sent that demonstrate the manner of service (e.g., e-mail, text, or social media), the e-mail address, social media user name, and/or phone number to which the messages were sent, the dates of such service, and the date of mailing. Proof of service by publication shall be by affidavit of publication signed by an officer or agent of the newspaper in which the notice of the pendency of the action was published. Failure to make proof of service shall not affect the validity of service. M. Service of process in the United States, but outside of state. Whenever the jurisdiction of the court over the defendant is not dependent upon service of the process within the State of New Mexico, service may be made outside the State as provided by this rule. N. Service of process in a foreign country. Service upon an individual, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, or equivalent legal entities may be effected in a place not within the United States: (1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as those means authorized by the Hague convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents; or (2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable international agreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculated to give notice: (a) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for service in that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction; (b) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatory or letter of request; or (c) unless prohibited by the laws of the United States or the law of the foreign country, in the same manner and priority as provided for in Paragraph F, G or J of this rule as may be appropriate.