LIGHTING FIXTURES, LAMPHOLDERS,

LAMPS, AND RECEPTACLES A. General 410-1. Scope. This article covers lighting fixtures, lampholders, pendants, receptacles, incandescent filament lamps, arc lamps, electricdischarge lamps, the wiring and equipment forming part of such lamps, fixtures, and lighting installations. 410-2. Application to Other Articles. Equipment for use in hazardous (classified) locations shall conform to Articles 500 through 517. 410-3. Live Parts. Fixtures, lampholders, lamps, and receptacles shall have no live parts normally exposed to contact. Exposed accessible terminals in lampholders, receptacles, and switches shall not be installed in metal fixture canopies or in open bases of portable table or floor lamps. Exception: Cleat-type lampholders and receptacles located at least 8 feet (2.44 m) above the floor shall be permitted to have exposed contacts. B. Fixture Locations 410-4. Fixtures in Specific Locations. (a) Wet and Damp Locations. Fixtures installed in wet or damp locations shall be so installed that water cannot enter or accumulate in wiring compartments, lampholders, or other electrical parts. All fixtures installed in wet locations shall be marked, "Suitable for Wet Locations." All fixtures installed in damp locations shall be marked, "Suitable for Wet Locations" or "Suitable for Damp Locations." Installations underground or in concrete slabs or masonry in direct contact with the earth, and locations subject to saturation with water or other liquids, such as locations exposed to weather and unprotected, vehicle washing areas, and like locations, shall be considered to be wet locations with respect to the above requirement. Interior locations protected from weather but subject to moderate degrees of moisture, such as some basements, some barns, some coldstorage warehouses and the like, the partially protected locations under canopies, marquees, roofed open porches, and the like, shall be considered to be damp locations with respect to the above requirement. (FPN): See Article 680 for lighting fixtures in swimming pools, fountains, and similar installations. (b) Corrosive Locations. Fixtures installed in corrosive locations shall be of a type suitable for such locations. (FPN): See Section 210-7 for receptacles in fixtures. (c) In Ducts or Hoods. Fixtures shall be permitted to be installed in cooking hoods of nonresidential occupancies where all of the following conditions are met: 70-332 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE (1) The fixture shall be identified for use within commercial cooking hoods and installed so that the temperature limits of the materials used are not exceeded. (2) The fixture shall be so constructed that all exhaust vapors, grease, oil or cooking vapors are excluded from the lamp and wiring compartment. Diffusers shall be resistant to thermal shock. (3) Parts of the fixture exposed within the hood shall be corrosionresistant or protected against corrosion, and the surface shall be smooth so as not to collect deposits and facilitate cleaning. (4) Wiring methods and materials supplying the fixture(s) shall not be exposed within the cooking hood. (FPN): See Section 110-11 for conductors and equipment exposed to deteriorating agents. (d) Pendants. No parts of cord-connected fixtures, hanging fixtures, or pendants shall be located within a zone measured 3 feet (914 mm) horizontally and 8 feet (2.44 m) vertically from the top of the bathtub rim. This zone is all encompassing and includes the zone directly over the tub. 410-5. Fixtures Near Combustible Material. Fixtures shall be so constructed, or installed, or equipped with shades or guards that combustible material will not be subjected to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F). 410-6. Fixtures Over Combustible Material. Lampholders installed over highly combustible material shall be of the unswitched type. Unless an individual switch is provided for each fixture, lampholders shall be located at least 8 feet (2.44 m) above the floor, or shall be so located-or guarded that the lamps cannot be readily removed or damaged. 410-7. Fixtures in Show Windows. Externally wired fixtures shall not be used in a show window. Exception: Fixtures of the chain-supported type shall be permitted to be externally wired. 410-8. Fixtures in Clothes Closets. (a) Definition. Storage Space: Storage space shall be defined as a volume bounded by the sides and back closet walls and planes extending from the closet floor vertically to a height of 6 feet (1.83 m) or the highest clothes-hanging rod and parallel to the walls at a horizontal distance of 24 inches (610 mm) from the sides and back of the closet walls respectively, and continuing vertically to the closet ceiling parallel to the walls at a horizontal distance of 12 inches (305 mm) or the width of the shelf, whichever is greater. (FPN): See Figure 410-8. For a closet that permits access to both sides of a hanging rod, the storage space shall include the volume below the highest rod extending 12 inches (305 mm) on either side of the rod on a plane horizontal to the floor extending the entire length of the rod. ARTICLE 410 - LIGHTING FIXTURES, ETC. 70-333 12" or Shelf width 12" or Shelf width 12" 12" or Shelf width Rod height or 6 feet 24" 24" For SI units: one inch = 25.4 millimeters; one foot = 0.3048 meter. Figure 410-8. Closet Storage Space. (b) Fixture Types Permitted. Listed fixtures of the following types shall be permitted to be installed in a closet: (1) A surface-mounted or recessed incandescent fixture with a completely enclosed lamp. (2) A surface-mounted or recessed fluorescent fixture. (c) Fixture Types Not Permitted. Incandescent fixtures with open or partially enclosed lamps and pendant fixtures or lampholders shall not be permitted. (d) Location. Fixtures in clothes closets shall be permitted to be installed as follows: 70-334 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE (1) Surface-mounted incandescent fixtures installed on the wall above the door or on the ceiling, provided there is a minimum clearance of 12 inches (305 mm) between the fixture and the nearest point of a storage space. (2) Surface-mounted fluorescent fixtures installed on the wall above the door or on the ceiling, provided there is a minimum clearance of 6 inches (152 mm) between the fixture and the nearest point of a storage space. (3) Recessed incandescent fixtures with a completely enclosed lamp installed in the wall or the ceiling, provided there is a minimum clearance of 6 inches (152 mm) between the fixture and the nearest point of a storage space. (4) Recessed fluorescent fixtures installed in the wall or on the ceiling, provided there is a minimum clearance of 6 inches (152 mm) between the fixture and the nearest point of a storage space. 410-9. Space for Cove Lighting. Coves shall have adequate space and shall be so located that lamps and equipment can be properly installed and maintained. C. Provisions at Fixture Outlet Boxes, Canopies, and Pans 410-10. Space for Conductors. Canopies and outlet boxes taken together shall provide adequate space so that fixture conductors and their connecting devices can be properly installed. 410-11. Temperature Limit of Conductors in Outlet Boxes. Fixtures shall be of such construction or so installed that the conductors in outlet boxes shall not be subjected to temperatures greater than that for which the conductors are rated. Branch-circuit wiring shall not be passed through an outlet box that is an integral part of an incandescent fixture unless the fixture is identified for through-wiring. 410-12. Outlet Boxes to Be Covered. In a completed installation, each outlet box shall be provided with a cover unless covered by means of a fixture canopy, lampholder, receptacle, or similar device. 410-13. Covering of Combustible Material at Outlet Boxes. Any combustible wall or ceiling finish exposed between the edge of a fixture canopy or pan and an outlet box shall be covered with noncombustible material. 410-14. Connection of Electric-Discharge Lighting Fixtures. (a) Independently of the Outlet Box. Where electric-discharge lighting fixtures are supported independently of the outlet box, they shall be connected through metal raceways, nonmetallic raceways, Type MC cable, Type AC cable, Type MI cable, or nonmetallic-sheathed cables. Exception: Cord-connected fixtures shall be permitted as provided in Sections 410-30(b) and (c). ARTICLE 410 - LIGHTING FIXTURES, ETC. 70-335 (b) Access to Boxes. Electric-discharge lighting fixtures surfacemounted over concealed outlet, pull, or junction boxes shall be installed with suitable openings in back of the fixture to provide access to the boxes. D. Fixture Supports 410-15. Supports. (a) General. Fixtures, lampholders, and receptacles shall be securely I supported. A fixture that weighs more than 6 pounds (2.72 kg) or exceeds 16 inches (406 mm) in any dimension shall not be supported by the screw shell of a lampholder. (b) Metal Poles Supporting Lighting Fixtures. Metal poles shall be permitted to be used to support lighting fixtures and enclose supply conductors, provided that the following conditions are met: (1) An accessible handhole, not less than 2 inches (50.8 mm) X 4 inches (102 mm), having a raintight cover, shall provide access to the supply raceway or cable termination within the pole or pole base. Where raceway risers or cable is not installed within the pole, a threaded fitting or nipple shall be brazed or welded to the pole opposite the handhole for the supply connection. Other poles shall be permitted to be field-welded, brazed, or tapped. Such poles shall be capped or covered. Exception: It shall be permitted to omit the handhole required in (b)(1) above on a metal pole 20 feet (6.10 m) or less in height above grade if the pole is provided with a hinged base. The grounding terminal shall be accessible and be within the hinged base. Both parts of the hinged pole shall be bonded in accordance with Section 250-75. (2) A terminal for grounding the pole shall be provided; it shall be accessible from the handhole. Exception: It shall be permitted to omit the handhole and grounding terminal required in (b)(1) and (b)(2) above where the supply wiring method continues without splice or pull point to a fixture mounted on a metal pole 8 feet (2.44 m) or less in height above grade, and where the interior of the pole and any splices are accessible by the removal of the fixture. (3) Metal raceways or other equipment grounding conductors shall be bonded to the pole with an equipment grounding conductor recognized by Section 250-91(b) and sized in accordance with Section 250-95. (4) Conductors in vertical metal poles used as raceways shall be supported as provided in Section 300-19. 410-16. Means of Support. (a) Outlet Boxes. Where the outlet box or fitting will provide adequate support, a fixture shall be attached thereto or be supported as required by Section 370-23 for boxes. A fixture that weighs more than 50 pounds (22.7 kg) shall be supported independently of the outlet box. (b) Inspection. Fixtures shall be so installed that the connections between the fixture conductors and the circuit conductors can be inspected without requiring the disconnection of any part of the wiring. 70-336 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE Exception: Fixtures connected by attachment plugs and receptacles. (c) Suspended Ceilings. Framing members of suspended ceiling systems used to support fixtures shall be securely fastened to each other and shall be securely attached to the building structure at appropriate intervals. Fixtures shall be securely fastened to the ceiling framing member by mechanical means, such as bolts, screws, or rivets. Clips identified for use with the type of ceiling framing member(s) and fixture(s) shall also be permitted. (d) Fixture Studs. Fixture studs that are not a part of outlet boxes, hickeys, tripods, and crowfeet shall be made of steel, malleable iron, or other material suitable for the application. (e) Insulating Joints. Insulating joints that are not designed to be mounted with screws or bolts shall have an exterior metal casing, insulated from both screw connections. (f) Raceway Fittings. Raceway fittings used to support lighting fixture(s) shall be capable of supporting the weight of the complete fixture assembly and lamp(s). (g) Busways. Fixtures shall be permitted to be connected to busways in accordance with Section 364-12. (h) Trees. Outdoor lighting fixtures and associated equipment shall be permitted to be supported by trees. (FPN No. 1): See Section 225-26. (FPN No. 2): See Section 300-5(d). E. Grounding 410-17. General. Fixtures and lighting equipment shall be grounded as provided in Part E of this article. 410-18. Exposed Fixture Parts. (a) With Exposed Conductive Parts. The exposed conductive parts of lighting fixtures and equipment directly wired or attached to outlets supplied by a wiring method that provides an equipment ground shall be grounded. (b) Made of Insulating Material. Fixtures directly wired or attached to outlets supplied by a wiring method that does not provide a ready means for grounding shall be made of insulating material and shall have no exposed conductive parts. 410-19. Equipment Over 150 Volts to Ground. (a) Metal Fixtures, Transformers, and Transformer Enclosures. Metal fixtures, transformers, and transformer enclosures on circuits operating at over 150 volts to ground shall be grounded. (b) Other Exposed Metal Parts. Other exposed metal parts shall be grounded or insulated from ground and other conducting surfaces and inaccessible to unqualified persons. Exception: Lamp tie wires, mounting screws, clips, and decorative bands on glass lamps spaced not less than 1½ inches (38 mm) from lamp terminals shall not be required to be grounded. ARTICLE 410 - LIGHTING FIXTURES, ETC. 70-337 410-20. Equipment Grounding Conductor Attachment. Fixtures with exposed metal parts shall be provided with a means for connecting an equipment grounding conductor for such fixtures. 410-21. Methods of Grounding. Fixtures and equipment shall be considered grounded where mechanically connected to an equipment grounding conductor as specified in Section 250-91(b) and sized in accordance with