Then calculate the F. factor as

follows: 0.209 F. F.- Eq. 3-4 F. Fuel type F. range Cost: Anthracite and lignite 1.016-1.130 Bituminous 1.063-1.220 OIL Distillate 1.260-1.413 Residual 1.210-1.370 Gas: Natural 1.600-1.836 Propane 1.434-1.588 Butane 1.406-1.553 Wood 1.000-1.120 Wood bark 1.003-1.130 Calculated F. values beyond the acceptable ranges shown in this table should be investigated before accepting the test results. For example. the strength of the solutions in the gas analyzer and the analyzing technique should be checked by sampling and analyzing a known concentration. such as air: the fuel factor should be reviewed and verified. An acceptability range of ±12 percent is appropriate for the F. factor of mixed fuels with variable fuel ratios. The level of the emission rate relative to the compliance level should be considered in determining if a retest is appropriate, i.e.. if the measured emissions are much lower or much greater than the compliance limit, repetition of the test would not significantly change the compliance status of the source and would be unnecessarily time-consuming and costly. 5. Leak-Check Procedure for Orsat Analyzers Moving an Orsat analyzer frequently causes it to leak. Therefore, an Orsat analyzer should be throughly leak-checked on site before the flue gas sample is introduced into it. The procedure for leak-checking an Orsat analyzer is: 5.1.1 Bring the liquid level in each pipette up to the reference mark on the capillary tubing and then close the pipette stopcock. 5.1.2 Raise the leveling bulb sufficiently to bring the confining liquid meniscus onto the graduated portion of the burette and then close the manifold stopcock. 5.1.3 Record the meniscus position. 5.1.4 Observe the menicus in the burette and the liquid level in the pipette for movement over the next 4 minutes. 5.1.5 For the Orsat analyzer to pass the leak-check, two conditions must be met. 5.1.5.1 The liquid level in each pipette must not fall below the bottom of the capillary tubing during this 4-minute interval. 5.1.5.2 The meniscus in the burette must not change by more than 0.2 ml during this 4-minute interval. 5.1.6 If the analyzer fails the leak-check procedure. all rubber connections and stopcocks should be checked until the cause of the leak is identified. Leaking stopcocks must be disassembled. cleaned, and re. greased. Leaking rubber connections must be replaced. After the analyzer is reassembled, the leak-check procedure must be repeated. STATIONARY SOURCES S-700 121:1576.3 6. Calculations 6.1 Nomenclature. Mc=Dry molecular weight, g/g-mole (lb/lbmole). Percent excess air. %CO,=Percent CO2 by volume (dry basis). %O,=Percent O₂ by volume (dry basis). %CO Percent CO by volume (dry basis). Percent N, by volume (dry basis). 0.264 = Ratio of O2 to N, in air, V/V. 0.280 = Molecular weight of N2 or CO, divided by 100. 0.320 = Molecular weight of O, divided by 100. Molecular weight of CO, divided by 100. 6.2 Percent Excess Air. Calculate the percent excess air (if applicable). by substituting the appropriate values of percent O2. CO, and N2 (obtained from Section 4.1.3 or 4.2.4) into Equation 3-1. 100 Equation 3-1 NOTE: The equation above assumes that ambient air is used as the source of O, and that the fuel does not contain appreciable amounts of N, (as do coke oven or blast furnace gases). For those cases when appreciable amounts of N, are present (coal. oil. and natural gas do not contain appreciable amounts of N,) or when oxygen enrichment is used, alternate methods, subject to approval of the Administrator. are required. 6.3 Dry Molecular Weight. Use Equation 3-2 to calculate the dry molecular weight of the stack gas 0.280(%N,+%CO) Equation 3-2 NOTE: The above equation does not consider argon in air (about 0.9 percent, moleculars weight of 37.7). A negative error of about 0.4 percent is introduced. The tester may opt to include argon in the analysis using procedures subject to approval of the Administrator. 7. Bibliography 1. Altshuller, A. P. Storage of Gases and Vapors in Plastic Bags. International Journal of Air and Water Pollution. 6.75-81. 1963. 2. Conner. William D. and J. S. Nader. Air Sampling with Plastice Bags. Journal of the American Industrial Hygiene Association. 25:291-297. 1964. 3. Burrell Manual for Gas Analysts, Seventh edition. Burrell Corporation. 2223 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219. 1951. 4. Mitchell, W. J. and M. R. Midgett. Field Reliability of the Orsat Analyzer. Journal of Air Pollution Control Association 26:491- 495. May 1976. 5. Shigehara, R. T., R. M. Neulicht, and W.S. Smith. Validating Orsat Analysis Data from Fossil Fuel-Fired Units. Stack Sampling News. 4(2):21-26. August, 1976. Method 3A-Determination of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in Emissions From Stationary Sources (Instrumental Analyzer Procedure) 1. Applicability and Principle. 1.1 Applicability. This method is applicable to the determination of oxvgen (0,) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in emissions from stationary sources only when specified within the regulations. 1.2 Principle. A sample is continuously extracted from the effluent stream: a portion of the sample stream is-conveyed to an instrumental analyzer(s) for determination of O2 and CO2 concentration(s). Performance specifications and test procedures are provided to ensure reliable data. 2. Range and Sensitivity. Same as Method 6C. Sections 2.1 and 2.2. except that the span of the monitoring system shall be selected such that the average O2 or CO2 concentration is not less than 20 percent of the span. 3. Definitions. 3.1 Measurement System. The total equipment required for the determination of the O2 or CO2 concentration. The measurement system consists of the same major subsystems as defined in Method 6C. Sections 3.1.1. 3.1.2, and 3.1.3. 3.2 Span, Calibration Gas. Analyzer Calibration Error. Sampling System Bias, Zero Drift. Calibration Drift, Response Time. and Calibration Curve. Same as Method 6C. Sections 3.2 through 3.8. and 3.10. 3.3 Interference Response. The output response of the measurement system to a component in the sample gas. other than the gas component being measured. 4. Measurement System Performance Specifications. Same as Method 6C. Sections 4.1 through 4.4. 5. Apparatus and Reagents. 5.1 Measurement System. Any measurement system for O₂ or CO2 that meets the specifications of this method. A schematic of an acceptable measurement system is shown in Figure 6C-1 of Method 6C. The essential components of the measurement system are described below: 5.1.1 Sample Probe. A leak-free probe, of sufficient length to traverse the sample points. 5.1.2 Sample Line. Tubing. to transport the sample gas from the probe to the moisture removal system. A heated sample line is not required for systems that measure the O₂ or CO2 concentration on a dry basis. or transport dry gases. 5.1.3 Sample Transport Line. Calibration Value Assembly. Moisture Removal System. Particulate Filter, Sample Pump. Sample Flow Rate Control. Sample Gas Manifold. and Data Recorder. Same as Method 6C. Sections 5.1.3 through 5.1.9, and 5.1.11. except that the requirements to use stainless steel. Teflon. and nonreactive glass filters do not apply. 5.1.4 Gas Analyzer. An analyzer to determine continuously the O₂ or CO2 concentration in the sample gas stream. The analyzer shall meet the applicable performance specifications of Section 4. A means of controlling the analyzer flow rate and a device for determining proper sample flow rate (e.g., precision rotameter. pressure gauge downstream of all flow controls. etc.) shall be provided at the analyzer. The 5.2 Calibration Gases. The calibration gases for CO2 analyzers shall be CO2 in N2 or CO2 in air. Alternatively. CO2/SO2. O2/SO₂ or O2/CO₂/SO₂ gas mixtures in N₂ may be used. Three calibration gases. as specified Section 5.3.1 through 5.3.3 of Method 6C. shall be used. For O₂ monitors that cannot analyze zero gas. a calibration gas concentration equivalent to less than 10 percent of the span may be used in place of zero gas. 6. Measurement System Performance Test Procedures. Perform the following procedures before measurement of emissions (Section 7). 6.1 Calibration Concentration Verification. Follow Section 6.1 of Method 6C. except if calibration gas analysis is required, use Method 3 and change the acceptance criteria for agreement among Method 3 results to 5 percent (or 0.2 percent by volume. whichever is greater). 6.2 Interference Response. Conduct an interference response test of the analyzer prior to its initial use in the field. Thereafter. recheck the measurement system if changes are made in the instrumentation that could alter the interference response (e.g., changes in the type of gas detector). Conduct the interference response in accordance with Section 5.4 of Method 20. 6.3 Measurement System Preparation, Analy: Calibration Error. and Sampling System Bias Check. Follow Sections 6.2 through 6.4 of Method 6C. 7. Emission Test Procedure. 7.1 Selection of Sampling Site and Sampling Points. Select 8 measurement site and sampling points using the same criteria that are applicable to tests performed using Method 3. 7.2 Sample Collection. Position the sampling probe at the first measurement point. and begin sampling at the same rate as used during the sampling system bias check. Maintain constant rate sampling (i.e., +10 percent) during the entire run. The sampling time per run shall be the same as for tests conducted using Method 3 plus twice the system response time. For each run, use only those measurements obtained after twice the response time of the measurement system has elapsed to determine the average effluent concentration. 7.3 Zero and Calibration Drift Test. Follow Section 7.4 of Method 6C. 8. Quality Control Procedures. The following quality control procedures are recommended when the results of this method are used for an emission rate correction factor. or excess air determination. The tester should select one of the following options for validating measurement results: 8.1 If both O₂ and CO₂ are measured using Method 3A. the procedures described in Section 4.4 of Method 3 should be followed to validate the O₂ and CO2 measurement results. 8.2 If only O2 is measured using Method 3A. measurements of the sample stream CO2 concentration should be obtained at the sample by-pass vent discharge using an Orsat requirements for measuring and controlling the analyzer flow rate are not applicable if data are presented that demonstrate the analyzer is insensitive to flow variations over the range encountered during the test. [Method 3A added by 51 FR 21165, June 11, 1986] [Appendix A, Method 3A] 121:1576.4 or Fyrite analyzer. or equivalent. Duplicate samples should be obtained concurrent with at least one run. Average the duplicate Orsat or Fyrite analysis results for each run. Use the average CO2 values for comparison with the O₂ measurements in accordance with the procedures described in Section 4.4 of Method 3. 8.3 If only CO2 is measured using Method 3A. concurrent measurements of the sample stream CO2 concentration should be obtained using an Orsat or Fyrite analyzer as described in Section 8.2. For each run. differences greater than 0.5 percent between the Method 3A results and the average of the duplicate Fyrite analysis should be investigated. 9. Emission Calculation. For all CO2 enalyzers, and for O₂ analyzers that can be calibrated with zero gas, follow Section 8 of Method 6C. except express all concentrations as percent. rather than ppm. For O2 analyzers that use a low-level calibration gas in place of a zero gas, calculate the effluent gas concentration using Equation 3A-1. Eq. 3A-1 where: Cₘ=Effluent gas concentration, dry basis. percent. Actual concentration of the upscale calibration gas, percent. Actual concentration of the low-level calibration gas, percent. =Average of initial and final system calibration bias check responses for the upscale calibration gas. percent. Average of initial and final system calibration bias check responses for the low-level gas, percent. C=Average gas concentration indicated by the gas analyzer, dry basis, percent. 10. Bibliography. Same as bibliography of Method 6C. METHOD 4-DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN STACK GASES 1. Principle and Applicability 1.1 Principle. A gas sample is extracted at a constant rate from the source: moisture is removed from the sample stream and determined either volumetrically or gravimetrically. 1.2 Applicability. This method is applicable for determining the moisture content of stack gas. Two procedures are given. The first is a reference method. for accurate determinations of moisture content (such as are needed to calculate emission data). The second is an approximation method, which provides estimates of percent moisture to aid in setting isokinetic sampling rates prior to a pollutant emission measurement run. The approximation method described herein is only a suggested approach; alternative means for approximating the moisture content. e.g., drying tubes, wet bulb-dry bulb techniques, condensation techniques. stoichiometric calculations, previous experience, etc., are also acceptable. The reference method is often conducted simultaneously with a pollutant emission measurement run; when it is. calculation of percent isokinetic, pollutant emission rate, etc., for the run shall be based upon the results of the reference method or its equivalent; these calculations shall not be based upon the results of the approximation method, unless the approximation method is shown. to the satisfaction of the Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to be capable of yielding results within 1 percent H2O of the reference method. NOTE: The reference method may yield questionable results when applied to saturated gas streams or to streams that contain water droplets. Therefore, when these conditions exist or are suspected, a second de. termination of the moisture content shall be made simultaneously with the reference method, as follows: Assume that the gas stream is saturated. Attach a temperature sensor [capable of measuring to ±1' c (2' F)] to the reference method probe. Measure the stack gas temperature at each traverse point (see Section 2.2.1) during the reference method traverse: calculate the average stack gas temperature. Next, determine the moisture percentage, either by: (1) using a psychrometric chart and making appropriate corrections if stack pressure is different from that of the chart, or (2) using saturation vapor pressure tables. In cases where the pyschrometric chart or the saturation vapor pressure tables are not applicable (based on evaluation of the process). alternate methods. subject to the approval of the Administrator, shall be used. 2. Reference Method The procedure described in Method 5 for determining moisture content is acceptable as a reference method. 2.1 Apparatus. A schematic of the sampling train used in this reference method is shown in Figure 4-1. All components shall be maintained and calibrated according to the procedure outlined in Method 5. STACK FILTER WALL CONDENSER-ICE BATH SYSTEM INCLUDING (EITHER IN STACK SILICA GEL TUBE OR OUT OF STACK) PROBE VACUUM THERMOMETERS GAUGE BY-PASS VALVE ORIFICE MAIN VALVE DRY GAS METER AIR-TIGHT PUMP 1 Figure 4-1. Moisture sampling train-reference method. Environment Reporter [Appendix A, Method 4] - -1- - 3 6 7 8 15 2 3 5 7 25 49 45 3 3 2 7 3 7 9 11 12 22 5 2 31 30 34 73 2 3 5 7 11 2 3 X - 1 X - 2 X - 3 X -4 X - 5 X - 6 X 7 - 8 X - - 9 X - 10 X - 11 ) 179 180 63 64 65 66 193 194 195 196 i 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 64 85 86 181 182 89 91 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 11 12 33 34 35 36 37 38 53 61 62 3 64 19 20 28 29 30 31 32 107 108