HAR §11-45-241. Shielding and safety design requirements

(a) Each therapeutic radiation machine subject to sections 11-45-236 and 11-45-238 shall be provided with such primary and/or secondary barriers as are necessary to ensure compliance with subchapter 4. (b) Facility design information for all new installations of a therapeutic radiation machine or installations of a therapeutic radiation machine of higher energy into a room not previously approved for that energy shall be submitted for department approval before actual installation of the therapeutic radiation machine. The minimum facility design information that shall be submitted is contained in Appendix A to subchapter 14. (c) The exhibit at the end of chapter 45 entitled "Appendix A of Subchapter 14, Information on Radiation Shielding Required for Plan Reviews (2/2/93)", is made a part of this section. [Eff 11/12/99] (Auth: HRS §§321-10, 321-11, 321-71) (Imp: HRS §§321-1, 321-11(21), 321-71) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Chapter 11-40, Hawaii Administrative Rules, was repeal and chapter 11- 45, Hawaii Administrative Rules on the Summary Page dated NOV 12 1999, was adopted on NOV 12 1999, following public hearings held on September 8, 1999 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, September 9, 1999 in Hilo, Hawaii, September 14, 1999 in Wailuku, Hawaii, September 15, 1999 in Honolulu, Hawaii, and September 16, 1999 in Lihue, Hawaii, after public notice was given in the Hawaii State & County Public Notices on August 2, 1999. The repeal of chapter 11-40 and the adoption of chapter 11-45 shall take effect ten days after filing with the Office of the Lieutenant Governor. Director of Health APPROVED: Benjamixp. Cayetbo ' Governdr;/ State of Hawaii Dated: ///G/Tf NW 0 2 1999 Filed APPROVED AS TO FORM: 22 t 1-A-1 Appendix A of Subchapter 1 QUALITY FACTORS AND ABSORBED DOSE EQUIVALENCIES (2/2/93) Quality Factor Absorbed Dose Equal to TYPE OF RADIATION (Q) a Unit Dose Equivalent a X, gamma, or beta radiation and 1 1 high-speed electrons Alpha particles, multiple-charged particles, fission fragments and heavy particles of unknown charge 20 0.05 Neutrons of unknown energy 10 0.1 High-energy protons 10 0.1 aAbsorbed dose in rad equal to one rem or the absorbed dose in gray equal to one Sv. 1-B-1 Appendix B of Subchapter 1 MEAN QUALITY FACT0RS, Q, AND FLUENCE PER UNIT DOSE EQUIVALENT FOR MONOENERGETIC NEUTRONS (2/2/93) Neutron Quality Fluence per Unit Fluence per Unit Energy Factor a Dose Equivalent b Dose Equivalent b (MeV) (Q) (neutrons (neutrons cm -2 rem -1) cm -2 Sv -1) (thermal) 2.5 x 10 -8 2 980 x 10 6 980 x 10 8 1 x 10 -7 2 980 x 10 6 980 x 10 8 1 x 10 -6 2 810 x 10 6 810 x 10 8 1 x 10 -5 2 810 x 10 6 810 x 10 8 1 x 10 -4 2 840 x 10 6 840 x 10 8 1 x 10 -3 2 980 x 10 6 980 x 10 8 1 x 10 -2 2.5 1010 x 10 6 1010 x 10 8 1 x 10 -1 7.5 170 x 10 6 170 x 10 8 5 x 10 -1 11 39 x 10 6 39 x 10 8 1 11 27 x 10 6 27 x 10 8 2.5 9 29 x 10 6 29 x 10 8 5 8 23 x 10 6 23 x 10 8 7 7 24 x 10 6 24 x 10 8 10 6.5 24 x 10 6 24 x 10 8 14 7.5 17 x 10 6 17 x 10 8 20 8 16 x 10 6 16 x 10 8 40 7 14 x 10 6 14 x 10 8 60 5.5 16 x 10 6 16 x 10 8 1 x 10 2 4 20 x 10 6 20 x 10 8 2 x 10 2 3.5 19 x 10 6 19 x 10 8 3 x 10 2 3.5 16 x 10 6 16 x 10 8 4 x 10 2 3.5 14 x 10 6 14 x 10 8 aValue of quality factor (Q) at the point where the dose equivalent is maximum in a 30-cm diameter cylinder tissue-equivalent phantom. bMonoenergetic neutrons incident normally on a 30-cm diameter cylinder tissue- equivalent phantom. 2-A-1 Appendix A of Subchapter 2 EXEMPT CONCENTRATIONS (2/2/93) Column II Column Liquid I and solid Gas con- concen- Element (atomic centration tration number) Radionuclide µCi/ml 1/ µCi/ml 2/ Antimony (51) Sb-122 3X10 -4 Sb-124 2X10 -4 Sb-125 1X10 -3 Argon (18) Ar-37 1X10 -3 Ar-41 4X10 -7 Arsenic (33) As-73 5X10 -3 As-74 5X10 -4 As-76 2X10 -4 As-77 8X10 -4 Barium (56) Ba-131 2X10 -3 Ba-140 3X10 -4 Beryllium (4) Be-7 2X10 -2 Bismuth (83) Bi-206 4X10 -4 Bromine (35) Br-82 4X10 -7 3X10 -3 Cadmium (48) Cd-109 2X10 -3 Cd-115m 3X10 -4 Cd-115 3X10 -4 Calcium (20) Ca-45 9X10 -5 Ca-47 5X10 -4 Carbon (6) C-14 1X10 -6 8X10 -3 Cerium (58) Ce-141 9X10 -4 Ce-143 4X10 -4 Ce-144 1X10 -4 Cesium (55) Cs-131 2X10 -2 Cs-134m 6X10 -2 Cs-134 9X10 -5 Chlorine (17) Cl-38 9X10 -7 4X10 -3 Chromium (24) Cr-51 2X10 -2 Cobalt (27) Co-57 5X10 -3 Co-58 1X10 -3 Co-60 5X10 -4 1/ Values are given in Column I only for those materials normally used as gases. 2/ µCi/g for solids. 2-A-2 Column II Column Liquid I and solid Gas con- concen- Element (atomic centration tration number) Radionuclide µCi/ml 1/ µCi/ml 2/ Copper (29) Cu-64 3X10 -3 Dysprosium (66) Dy-165 4X10 -3 Dy-166 4X10 -4 Erbium (68) Er-169 9X10 -4 Er-171 1X10 -3 Europium (63) Eu-152(9.2 h) 6X10 -4 Eu-155 2X10 -3 Fluorine (9) F-18 2X10 -6 8X10 -3 Gadolinium (64) Gd-153 2X10 -3 Gd-159 8X10 -4 Gallium (31) Ga-72 4X10 -4 Germanium (32) Ge-71 2X10 -2 Gold (79) Au-196 2X10 -3 Au-198 5X10 -4 Au-199 2X10 -3 Hafnium (72) Hf-181 7X10 -4 Hydrogen (1) H-3 5X10 -6 3X10 -2 Indium (49) In-113m 1X10 -2 In-114m 2X10 -4 Iodine (53) I-126 3X10 -9 2X10 -5 I-131 3X10 -9 2X10 -5 I-132 8X10 -8 6X10 -4 I-133 1X10 -8 7X10 -5 I-134 2X10 -7 1X10 -3 Iridium (77) Ir-190 2X10 -3 Ir-192 4X10 -4 Ir-194 3X10 -4 Iron (26) Fe-55 8X10 -3 Fe-59 6X10 -4 Krypton (36) Kr-85m 1X10 -6 Kr-85 3X10 -6 Lanthanum (57) La-140 2X10 -4 Lead (82) Pb-203 4X10 -3 Lutetium (71) Lu-177 1X10 -3 1/ Values are given in Column I only for those materials normally used as gases. 2/ µCi/g for solids. 2-A-3 Column II Column Liquid I and solid Gas con- concen- Element (atomic centration tration number) Radionuclide µCi/ml 1/ µCi/ml 2/ Manganese (25) Mn-52 3X10 -4 Mn-54 1X10 -3 Mn-56 1X10 -3 Mercury (80) Hg-197m 2X10 -3 Hg-197 3X10 -3 Hg-203 2X10 -4 Molybdenum (42) Mo-99 2X10 -3 Neodymium (60) Nd-147 6X10 -4 Nd-149 3X10 -3 Nickel (28) Ni-65 1X10 -3 Niobium (Columbium) (41) Nb-95 1X10 -3 Nb-97 9X10 -3 Osmium (76) Os-185 7X10 -4 Os-191m 3X10 -2 Os-191 2X10 -3 Os-193 6X10 -4 Palladium (46) Pd-103 3X10 -3 Pd-109 9X10 -4 Phosphorus (15) P-32 2X10 -4 Platinum (78) Pt-191 1X10 -3 Pt-193m 1X10 -2 Pt-197m 1X10 -2 Pt-197 1X10 -3 Potassium (19) K-42 3X10 -3 Praseodymium (59) Pr-142 3X10 -4 Pr-143 5X10 -4 Promethium (61) Pm-147 2X10 -3 Pm-149 4X10 -4 Rhenium (75) Re-183 6X10 -3 Re-186 9X10 -4 Re-188 6X10 -4 Rhodium (45) Rh-103m 1X10 -1 Rh-105 1X10 -3 1/ Values are given in Column I only for those materials normally used as gases. 2/ µCi/g for solids. 2-A-4 Column II Column Liquid I and solid Gas con- concen- Element (atomic centration tration number) Radionuclide µCi/ml 1/ µCi/ml 2/ Rubidium (37) Rb-86 7X10 -4 Ruthenium (44) Ru-97 4X10 -3 Ru-103 8X10 -4 Ru-105 1X10 -3 Ru-106 1X10 -4 Samarium (62) Sm-153 8X10 -4 Scandium (21) Sc-46 4X10 -4 Sc-47 9X10 -4 Sc-48 3X10 -4 Selenium (34) Se-75 3X10 -3 Silicon (14) Si-31 9X10 -3 Silver (47) Ag-105 1X10 -3 Ag-110m 3X10 -4 Ag-111 4X10 -4 Sodium (11) Na-24 2X10 -3 Strontium (38) Sr-85 1X10 -3 Sr-89 1X10 -4 Sr-91 7X10 -4 Sr-92 7X10 -4 Sulfur (16) S-35 9X10 -8 6X10 -4 Tantalum (73) Ta-182 4X10 -4 Technetium (43) Tc-96m 1X10 -1 Tc-96 1X10 -3 Tellurium (52) Te-125m 2X10 -3 Te-127m 6X10 -4 Te-127 3X10 -3 Te-129m 3X10 -4 Te-131m 6X10 -4 Te-132 3X10 -4 Terbium (65) Tb-160 4X10 -4 Thallium (81) Tl-200 4X10 -3 Tl-201 3X10 -3 Tl-202 1X10 -3 Tl-204 1X10 -3 Thulium (69) Tm-170 5X10 -4 Tm-171 5X10 -3 1/ Values are given in Column I only for those materials normally used as gases. 2/ µCi/g for solids. 2-A-5 Column II Column Liquid I and solid Gas con- concen- Element (atomic centration tration number) Radionuclide µCi/ml 1/ µCi/ml 2/ Tin (50) Sn-113 9X10 -4 Sn-125 2X10 -4 Tungsten (Wolfram) (74) W-181 4X10 -3 W-187 7X10 -4 Vanadium (23) V-48 3X10 -4 Xenon (54) Xe-131m 4X10 -6 Xe-133 3X10 -6 Xe-135 1X10 -6 Ytterbium (70) Yb-175 1X10 -3 Yttrium (39) Y-90 2X10 -4 Y-91m 3X10 -2 Y-91 3X10 -4 Y-92 6X10 -4 Y-93 3X10 -4 Zinc (30) Zn-65 1X10 -3 Zn-69m 7X10 -4 Zn-69 2X10 -2 Zirconium (40) Zr-95 6X10 -4 Zr-97 2X10 -4 Beta- and/or gamma- emitting radioactive material not listed above with half-life of less than 3 years. 1X10 -10 1X10 -6 1/ Values are given in Column I only for those materials normally used as gases. 2/ µCi/g for solids. Note 1: Many radionuclides transform into other radionuclides. In expressing the concentrations in Appendix A, the activity stated is that of the parent radionuclide and takes into account the radioactive decay products. 2-A-6 Note 2: Where there is involved a combination of radionuclides, the limit for the combination should be derived as follows: Determine for each radionuclide in the product the ratio between the radioactivity concentration present in the product and the exempt radioactivity concentration established in Appendix A for the specific radionuclide when not in combination. The sum of such ratios may not exceed "1". Example: Concentration of Radionuclide A in Product + Exempt concentration of Radionuclide A Concentration of Radionuclide B in Product <1 Exempt concentration of Radionuclide B Note 3: To convert µCi/ml to SI units of megabecquerels per liter multiply the above values by 37. Example: Zirconium (40) Zr-97 (2x10 -4 µCi/ml multiplied by 37 is equivalent to 74 x 10 -4 MBq/l) 2-B-1 Appendix B of Subchapter 2 EXEMPT QUANTITIES (2/2/93) Radioactive Micro- Material curies Antimony-122 (Sb 122) 100 Antimony-124 (Sb 124) 10 Antimony-125 (Sb 125) 10 Arsenic-73 (As 73) 100 Arsenic-74 (As 74) 10 Arsenic-76 (As 76) 10 Arsenic-77 (As 77) 100 Barium-131 (Ba 131) 10 Barium-133 (Ba 133) 10 Barium-140 (Ba 140) 10 Bismuth-210 (Bi 210) 1 Bromine-82 (Br 82) 10 Cadmium-109 (Cd 109) 10 Cadmium-115m (Cd 115m) 10 Cadmium-115 (Cd 115) 100 Calcium-45 (Ca 45) 10 Calcium-47 (Ca 47) 10 Carbon-14 (C 14) 100 Cerium-141 (Ce 141) 100 Cerium-143 (Ce 143) 100 Cerium-144 (Ce 144) 1 Cesium-129 (Cs 129) 100 Cesium-131 (Cs 131) 1,000 Cesium-134m (Cs 134m) 100 Cesium-134 (Cs 134) 1 Cesium-135 (Cs 135) 10 Cesium-136 (Cs 136) 10 Cesium-137 (Cs 137) 10 Chlorine-36 (Cl 36) 10 Chlorine-38 (Cl 38) 10 Chromium-51 (Cr 51) 1,000 Cobalt-57 (Co 57) 100 Cobalt-58m (Co 58m) 10 Cobalt-58 (Co 58) 10 Cobalt-60 (Co 60) 1 Copper-64 (Cu 64) 100 Dysprosium-165 (Dy 165) 10 Dysprosium-166 (Dy 166) 100 Erbium-169 (Er 169) 100 Erbium-171 (Er 171) 100 Europium-152 (Eu 152)9.2h 100 Europium-152 (Eu 152)13 yr 1 Europium-154 (Eu 154) 1 2-B-2 Radioactive Micro- Material curies Europium-155 (Eu 155) 10 Fluorine-18 (F 18) 1,000 Gadolinium-153 (Gd 153) 10 Gadolinium-159 (Gd 159) 100 Gallium-67 (Ga 67) 100 Gallium-72 (Ga 72) 10 Germanium-68 (Ge 68) 10 Germanium-71 (Ge 71) 100 Gold-195 (Au 195) 10 Gold-198 (Au 198) 100 Gold-199 (Au 199) 100 Hafnium-181 (Hf 181) 10 Holmium-166 (Ho 166) 100 Hydrogen-3 (H 3) 1,000 Indium-111 (In 111) 100 Indium-113m (In 113m) 100 Indium-114m (In 114m) 10 Indium-115m (In 115m) 100 Indium-115 (In 115) 10 Iodine-123 (I 123) 100 Iodine-125 (I 125) 1 Iodine-126 (I 126) 1 Iodine-129 (I 129) 0.1 Iodine-131 (I 131) 1 Iodine-132 (I 132) 10 Iodine-133 (I 133) 1 Iodine-134 (I 134) 10 Iodine-135 (I 135) 10 Iridium-192 (Ir 192) 10 Iridium-194 (Ir 194) 100 Iron-52 (Fe 52) 10 Iron-55 (Fe 55) 100 Iron-59 (Fe 59) 10 Krypton-85 (Kr 85) 100 Krypton-87 (Kr 87) 10 Lanthanum-140 (La 140) 10 Lutetium-177 (Lu 177) 100 Manganese-52 (Mn 52) 10 Manganese-54 (Mn 54) 10 Manganese-56 (Mn 56) 10 Mercury-197m (Hg 197m) 100 Mercury-197 (Hg 197) 100 Mercury-203 (Hg 203) 10 Molybdenum-99 (Mo 99) 100 Neodymium-147 (Nd 147) 100 Neodymium-149 (Nd 149) 100 Nickel-59 (Ni 59) 100 2-B-3 Radioactive Micro- Material curies Nickel-63 (Ni 63) 10 Nickel-65 (Ni 65) 100 Niobium-93m (Nb 93m) 10 Niobium-95 (Nb 95) 10 Niobium-97 (Nb 97) 10 Osmium-185 (Os 185) 10 Osmium-191m (Os 191m) 100 Osmium-191 (Os 191) 100 Osmium-193 (Os 193) 100 Palladium-103 (Pd 103) 100 Palladium-109 (Pd 109) 100 Phosphorus-32 (P 32) 10 Platinum-191 (Pt 191) 100 Platinum-193m (Pt 193m) 100 Platinum-193 (Pt 193) 100 Platinum-197m (Pt 197m) 100 Platinum-197 (Pt 197) 100 Polonium-210 (Po 210) 0.1 Potassium-42 (K 42) 10 Potassium-43 (K 43) 10 Praseodymium-142 (Pr 142) 100 Praseodymium-143 (Pr 143) 100 Promethium-147 (Pm 147) 10 Promethium-149 (Pm 149) 10 Rhenium-186 (Re 186) 100 Rhenium-188 (Re 188) 100 Rhodium-103m (Rh 103m) 100 Rhodium-105 (Rh 105) 100 Rubidium-81 (Rb 81) 10 Rubidium-86 (Rb 86) 10 Rubidium-87 (Rb 87) 10 Ruthenium-97 (Ru 97) 100 Ruthenium-103 (Ru 103) 10 Ruthenium-105 (Ru 105) 10 Ruthenium-106 (Ru 106) 1 Samarium-151 (Sm 151) 10 Samarium-153 (Sm 153) 100 Scandium-46 (Sc 46) 10 Scandium-47 (Sc 47) 100 Scandium-48 (Sc 48) 10 Selenium-75 (Se 75) 10 Silicon-31 (Si 31) 100 Silver-105 (Ag 105) 10 Silver-110m (Ag 110m) 1 Silver-111 (Ag 111) 100 Sodium-22 (Na 22) 10 2-B-4 Radioactive Micro- Material curies Sodium-24 (Na 24) 10 Strontium-85 (Sr 85) 10 Strontium-89 (Sr 89) 1 Strontium-90 (Sr 90) 0.1 Strontium-91 (Sr 91) 10 Strontium-92 (Sr 92) 10 Sulphur-35 (S 35) 100 Tantalum-182 (Ta 182) 10 Technetium-96 (Tc 96) 10 Technetium-97m (Tc 97m) 100 Technetium-97 (Tc 97) 100 Technetium-99m (Tc 99m) 100 Technetium-99 (Tc 99) 10 Tellurium-125m (Te 125m) 10 Tellurium-127m (Te 127m) 10 Tellurium-127 (Te 127) 100 Tellurium-129m (Te 129m) 10 Tellurium-129 (Te 129) 100 Tellurium-131m (Te 131m) 10 Tellurium-132 (Te 132) 10 Terbium-160 (Tb 160) 10 Thallium-200 (Tl 200) 100 Thallium-201 (Tl 201) 100 Thallium-202 (Tl 202) 100 Thallium-204 (Tl 204) 10 Thulium-170 (Tm 170) 10 Thulium-171 (Tm 171) 10 Tin-113 (Sn 113) 10 Tin-125 (Sn 125) 10 Tungsten-181 (W 181) 10 Tungsten-185 (W 185) 10 Tungsten-187 (W 187) 100 Vanadium-48 (V 48) 10 Xenon-131m (Xe 131m) 1,000 Xenon-133 (Xe 133) 100 Xenon-135 (Xe 135) 100 Ytterbium-175 (Yb 175) 100 Yttrium-87 (Y 87) 10 Yttrium-88 (Y 88) 10 Yttrium-90 (Y 90) 10 Yttrium-91 (Y 91) 10 Yttrium-92 (Y 92) 100 Yttrium-93 (Y 93) 100 Zinc-65 (Zn 65) 10 Zinc-69m (Zn 69m) 100 Zinc-69 (Zn 69) 1,000 Zirconium-93 (Zr 93) 10 2-B-5 Radioactive Micro- Material curies Zirconium-95 (Zr 95) 10 Zirconium-97 (Zr 97) 10 Any radioactive material not listed above other than alpha-emitting radioactive material 0.1 Note 1: For purposes of C.25(f)(5)(ii) where there is involved a combination of radionuclides, the limit for the combination should be derived as follows: Determine the amount of each radionuclide possessed and 1,000 times the amount in Appendix B for each of those radionuclides when not in combination. The sum of the ratios of those quantities may not exceed 1. Example: Amt. of Radionuclide A possessed + Amt. of Radionuclide B possessed # 1 1000 x Appendix B quantity 1000 x Appendix B quantity for Radionuclide A for Radionuclide B Note 2: To convert microcuries (µCi) to SI units of kilobecquerels (kBq), multiply the above values by 37. Example: Zirconium-97 (10 µCi multiplied by 37 is equivalent to 370 kBq). 4-A-1 Appendix A of Subchapter 4 PROTECTION FACTORS FOR RESPIRATORS 1 (2/2/93) Protection Factors 4 Tested & Certified Equipment Description 2 Modes 3 Particu- Particu- National Institute for lates lates, Occupational Safety and Administration tests for permissibility ____________________________________________________________________________________ I.AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS 6 Facepiece, half-mask 7 NP 10 30 CFR 11, Facepiece, full NP 50 Subpart K. Facepiece, half-mask PP 1000 full, or hood II.ATMOSPHERE-SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS 1. Air-line respirator Facepiece, half-mask CF 1000 Facepiece, half-mask D 5 Facepiece, full CF 2000 Facepiece, full D 5 30 CFR 11, Facepiece, full PD 2000 Subpart J. Hood CF 8 Suit CF 9 10 2. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) Facepiece, full D 50 Facepiece, full PD 10,000 11 30 CFR 11, Facepiece, full RD 50 Subpart H. Facepiece, full RP 5,000 12 III.COMBINATION RESPIRATORS Any combination of Protection factor air-purifying and for type and mode 30 CFR 11, atmosphere-supplying of operation as Sec. 11.63(b). respirators listed above ____________________________________________________________________________________ See next page for footnotes. 4-A-2 FOOTNOTES 1. For use in the selection of respiratory protective equipment to be used only where the contaminants have been identified and the concentrations, or possible concentrations, are known. 2. Only for shaven faces and where nothing interferes with the seal of tight-fitting facepieces against the skin. Hoods and suits are excepted. 3. The mode symbols are defined as follows: CF = continuous flow D = demand NP = negative pressure, that is, negative phase during inhalation PD = pressure demand, that is, always positive pressure PP = positive pressure RD = demand, recirculating or closed circuit RP = pressure demand, recirculating or closed circuit 4. a. The protection factor is a measure of the degree of protection afforded by a respirator, defined as the ratio of the concentration of airborne radioactive material outside the respiratory protective equipment to that inside the equipment, usually inside the facepiece, under conditions of use. It is applied to the ambient airborne concentration to estimate the concentrations inhaled by the wearer according to the following formula: Concentration inhaled = Ambient airborne concentration Protection factor b. The protection factors apply: (i) Only for individuals trained in using respirators and wearing properly fitted respirators that are used and maintained under supervision in a well- planned respiratory protective program. (ii) For air-purifying respirators only when high efficiency particulate filters, above 99.97% removal efficiency by thermally generated 0.3 Fm dioctyl phthalate (DOP) test or equivalent, are used in atmospheres not deficient in oxygen and not containing radioactive gas or vapor respiratory hazards. (iii)No adjustment is to be made for the use of sorbents against radioactive material in the form of gases or vapors. (iv) For atmosphere-supplying respirators only when supplied with adequate respirable air. Respirable air shall be provided of the quality and quantity required in accordance with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Mine Safety and Health Administration certification described in 30 CFR 11. Oxygen and air shall not be used in the same apparatus. 4-A-3 5. Excluding radioactive contaminants that present an absorption or submersion hazard. For tritium oxide, approximately one-third of the intake occurs by absorption through the skin so that an overall protection factor of less than 2 is appropriate when atmosphere-supplying respirators are used to protect against tritium oxide. If the protection factor for respiratory protective equipment is 5, the effective protection factor for tritium is about 1.4; with protection factors of 10, the effective factor for tritium oxide is about 1.7; and with protection factors of 100 or more, the effective factor for tritium oxide is about 1.9. Air-purifying respirators are not suitable for protection against tritium oxide. See also footnote 9 concerning supplied-air suits. 6. Canisters and cartridges shall not be used beyond service- life limitations. 7. Under-chin type only. This type of respirator is not satisfactory for use where it might be possible, such as, if an accident or emergency were to occur, for the ambient airborne concentrations to reach instantaneous values greater than 10 times the pertinent values in Table I, Column 3 of Appendix B of Subchapter 4. This type of respirator is not suitable for protection against plutonium or other high-toxicity materials. The mask is to be tested for fit prior to use, each time it is donned. 8. a. Equipment shall be operated in a manner that ensures that proper air flow-rates are maintained. A protection factor of no more than 1000 may be utilized for tested-and-certified supplied-air hoods when a minimum air flow of 6 cubic feet per minute (0.17 m 3/min) is maintained and calibrated air line pressure gauges or flow measuring devices are used. A protection factor of up to 2000 may be used for tested and certified hoods only when the air flow is maintained at the manufacturer's recommended maximum rate for the equipment, this rate is greater than 6 cubic feet per minute (0.17 m 3/min) and calibrated air line pressure gauges or flow measuring devices are used. b. The design of the supplied-air hood or helmet, with a minimum flow of 6 cubic feet per minute (0.17 m 3/min) of air, may determine its overall efficiency and the protection it provides. For example, some hoods aspirate contaminated air into the breathing zone when the wearer works with hands-over-head. This aspiration may be overcome if a short cape-like extension to the hood is worn under a coat or over- alls. Other limitations specified by the approval agency shall be considered before using a hood in certain types of atmospheres. See footnote 9. 9. Appropriate protection factors shall be determined, taking into account the design of the suit and its permeability to the contaminant under conditions of use. There shall be a standby rescue person equipped with a respirator or other apparatus appropriate for the potential hazards and communications equipment whenever supplied-air suits are used. 4-A-4 10. No approval schedules are currently available for this equipment. Equipment is to be evaluated by testing or on the basis of reliable test information. 11. This type of respirator may provide greater protection and be used as an emergency device in unknown concentrations for protection against inhalation hazards. External radiation hazards and other limitations to permitted exposure, such as skin absorption, must be taken into account in such circumstances. 12. Quantitative fit testing shall be performed on each individual, and no more than 0.02% leakage is allowed with this type of apparatus. Perceptible outward leakage of gas from this or any positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus is unacceptable because service life will be reduced substantially. Special training in the use of this type of apparatus shall be provided to the wearer. Note 1: Protection factors for respirators approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, according to applicable approvals for respirators for type and mode of use to protect against airborne radionuclides, may be used to the extent that they do not exceed the protection factors listed in this table. The protection factors listed in this table may not be appropriate to circumstances where chemical or other respiratory hazards exist in addition to radioactive hazards. The selection and use of respirators for such circumstances should take into account applicable approvals of the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Note 2: Radioactive contaminants, for which the concentration values in Table I, Column 3 of Appendix B of Subchapter 4 are based on internal dose due to inhalation, may present external exposure hazards at higher concentrations. Under these circumstances, limitations on occupancy may have to be governed by external dose limits. 4-C-1 Appendix C of Subchapter 4 QUANTITIES 1 OF MATERIAL REQUIRING LABELING (2/2/93) _____________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* Hydrogen-3 1,000 Chromium-48 1,000 Beryllium-7 1,000 Chromium-49 1,000 Beryllium-10 1 Chromium-51 1,000 Carbon-11 1,000 Manganese-51 1,000 Carbon-14 1,000 Manganese-52m 1,000 Fluorine-18 1,000 Manganese-52 100 Sodium-22 10 Manganese-53 1,000 Sodium-24 100 Manganese-54 100 Magnesium-28 100 Manganese-56 1,000 Aluminum-26 10 Iron-52 100 Silicon-31 1,000 Iron-55 100 Silicon-32 1 Iron-59 10 Phosphorus-32 10 Iron-60 1 Phosphorus-33 100 Cobalt-55 100 Sulfur-35 100 Cobalt-56 10 Chlorine-36 10 Cobalt-57 100 Chlorine-38 1,000 Cobalt-58m 1,000 Chlorine-39 1,000 Cobalt-58 100 Argon-39 1,000 Cobalt-60m 1,000 Argon-41 1,000 Cobalt-60 1 Potassium-40 100 Cobalt-61 1,000 Potassium-42 1,000 Cobalt-62m 1,000 Potassium-43 1,000 Nickel-56 100 Potassium-44 1,000 Nickel-57 100 Potassium-45 1,000 Nickel-59 100 Calcium-41 100 Nickel-63 100 Calcium-45 100 Nickel-65 1,000 Calcium-47 100 Nickel-66 10 Scandium-43 1,000 Copper-60 1,000 Scandium-44m 100 Copper-61 1,000 Scandium-44 100 Copper-64 1,000 Scandium-46 10 Copper-67 1,000 Scandium-47 100 Zinc-62 100 Scandium-48 100 Zinc-63 1,000 Scandium-49 1,000 Zinc-65 10 Titanium-44 1 Zinc-69m 100 Titanium-45 1,000 Zinc-69 1,000 Vanadium-47 1,000 Zinc-71m 1,000 Vanadium-48 100 Zinc-72 100 Vanadium-49 1,000 Gallium-65 1,000 * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-C-2 ___________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* Gallium-66 100 Krypton-81 1,000 Gallium-67 1,000 Krypton-83m 1,000 Gallium-68 1,000 Krypton-85m 1,000 Gallium-70 1,000 Krypton-85 1,000 Gallium-72 100 Krypton-87 1,000 Gallium-73 1,000 Krypton-88 1,000 Germanium-66 1,000 Rubidium-79 1,000 Germanium-67 1,000 Rubidium-81m 1,000 Germanium-68 10 Rubidium-81 1,000 Germanium-69 1,000 Rubidium-82m 1,000 Germanium-71 1,000 Rubidium-83 100 Germanium-75 1,000 Rubidium-84 100 Germanium-77 1,000 Rubidium-86 100 Germanium-78 1,000 Rubidium-87 100 Arsenic-69 1,000 Rubidium-88 1,000 Arsenic-70 1,000 Rubidium-89 1,000 Arsenic-71 100 Strontium-80 100 Arsenic-72 100 Strontium-81 1,000 Arsenic-73 100 Strontium-83 100 Arsenic-74 100 Strontium-85m 1,000 Arsenic-76 100 Strontium-85 100 Arsenic-77 100 Strontium-87m 1,000 Arsenic-78 1,000 Strontium-89 10 Selenium-70 1,000 Strontium-90 0.1 Selenium-73m 1,000 Strontium-91 100 Selenium-73 100 Strontium-92 100 Selenium-75 100 Yttrium-86m 1,000 Selenium-79 100 Yttrium-86 100 Selenium-81m 1,000 Yttrium-87 100 Selenium-81 1,000 Yttrium-88 10 Selenium-83 1,000 Yttrium-90m 1,000 Bromine-74m 1,000 Yttrium-90 10 Bromine-74 1,000 Yttrium-91m 1,000 Bromine-75 1,000 Yttrium-91 10 Bromine-76 100 Yttrium-92 100 Bromine-77 1,000 Yttrium-93 100 Bromine-80m 1,000 Yttrium-94 1,000 Bromine-80 1,000 Yttrium-95 1,000 Bromine-82 100 Zirconium-86 100 Bromine-83 1,000 Zirconium-88 10 Bromine-84 1,000 Zirconium-89 100 Krypton-74 1,000 Zirconium-93 1 Krypton-76 1,000 Zirconium-95 10 Krypton-77 1,000 Zirconium-97 100 Krypton-79 1,000 * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-C-3 _____________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* Niobium-88 1,000 Palladium-101 1,000 Niobium-89m Palladium-103 100 (66 min) 1,000 Palladium-107 10 Niobium-89 Palladium-109 100 (122 min) 1,000 Silver-102 1,000 Niobium-90 100 Silver-103 1,000 Niobium-93m 10 Silver-104m 1,000 Niobium-94 1 Silver-104 1,000 Niobium-95m 100 Silver-105 100 Niobium-95 100 Silver-106m 100 Niobium-96 100 Silver-106 1,000 Niobium-97 1,000 Silver-108m 1 Niobium-98 1,000 Silver-11Om 10 Molybdenum-90 100 Silver-111 100 Molybdenum-93m 100 Silver-112 100 Molybdenum-93 10 Silver-115 1,000 Molybdenum-99 100 Cadmium-104 1,000 Molybdenum-101 1,000 Cadmium-107 1,000 Technetium-93m 1,000 Cadmium-109 1 Technetium-93 1,000 Cadmium-113m 0.1 Technetium-94m 1,000 Cadmium-113 100 Technetium-94 1,000 Cadmium-115m 10 Technetium-96m 1,000 Cadmium-115 100 Technetium-96 100 Cadmium-117m 1,000 Technetium-97m 100 Cadmium-117 1,000 Technetium-97 1,000 Indium-109 1,000 Technetium-98 10 Indium-110m Technetium-99m 1,000 (69.1m) 1,000 Technetium-99 100 Indium-11O Technetium-101 1,000 (4.9h) 1,000 Technetium-104 1,000 Indium-111 100 Ruthenium-94 1,000 Indium-112 1,000 Ruthenium-97 1,000 Indium-113m 1,000 Ruthenium-103 100 Indium-114m 10 Ruthenium-105 1,000 Indium-115m 1,000 Ruthenium-106 1 Indium-115 100 Rhodium-99m 1,000 Indium-116m 1,000 Rhodium-99 100 Indium-117m 1,000 Rhodium-100 100 Indium-117 1,000 Rhodium-101m 1,000 Indium-119m 1,000 Rhodium-101 10 Tin-110 100 Rhodium-102m 10 Tin-111 1,000 Rhodium-102 10 Tin-113 100 Rhodium-103m 1,000 Tin-117m 100 Rhodium-105 100 Tin-119m 100 Rhodium-106m 1,000 Tin-121m 100 Rhodium-107 1,000 Tin-121 1,000 Palladium-100 100 * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-C-4 ______________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* Tin-123m 1,000 Tellurium-133 1,000 Tin-123 10 Tellurium-134 1,000 Tin-125 10 Iodine-120m 1,000 Tin-126 10 Iodine-120 100 Tin-127 1,000 Iodine-121 1,000 Tin-128 1,000 Iodine-123 100 Antimony-115 1,000 Iodine-124 10 Antimony-116m 1,000 Iodine-125 1 Antimony-116 1,000 Iodine-126 1 Antimony-117 1,000 Iodine-128 1,000 Antimony-118m 1,000 Iodine-129 1 Antimony-119 1,000 Iodine-130 10 Antimony-120 Iodine-131 1 (16m) 1,000 Iodine-132m 100 Antimony-120 Iodine-132 100 (5.76d) 100 Iodine-133 10 Antimony-122 100 Iodine-134 1,000 Antimony-124m 1,000 Iodine-135 100 Antimony-124 10 Xenon-120 1,000 Antimony-125 100 Xenon-121 1,000 Antimony-126m 1,000 Xenon-122 1,000 Antimony-126 100 Xenon-123 1,000 Antimony-127 100 Xenon-125 1,000 Antimony-128 Xenon-127 1,000 (10.4m) 1,000 Xenon-129m 1,000 Antimony-128 Xenon-131m 1,000 (9.O1h) 100 Xenon-133m 1,000 Antimony-129 100 Xenon-133 1,000 Antimony-130 1,000 Xenon-135m 1,000 Antimony-131 1,000 Xenon-135 1,000 Tellurium-116 1,000 Xenon-138 1,000 Tellurium-121m 10 Cesium-125 1,000 Tellurium-121 100 Cesium-127 1,000 Tellurium-123m 10 Cesium-129 1,000 Tellurium-123 100 Cesium-130 1,000 Tellurium-125m 10 Cesium-131 1,000 Tellurium-127m 10 Cesium-132 100 Tellurium-127 1,000 Cesium-134m 1,000 Tellurium-129m 10 Cesium-134 10 Tellurium-129 1,000 Cesium-135m 1,000 Tellurium-131m 10 Cesium-135 100 Tellurium-131 100 Cesium-136 10 Tellurium-132 10 Cesium-137 10 Tellurium-133m 100 Cesium-138 1,000 * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-C-5 ____________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* Barium-126 1,000 Promethium-141 1,000 Barium-128 100 Promethium-143 100 Barium-131m 1,000 Promethium-144 10 Barium-131 100 Promethium-145 10 Barium-133m 100 Promethium-146 1 Barium-133 100 Promethium-147 10 Barium-135m 100 Promethium-148m 10 Barium-139 1,000 Promethium-148 10 Barium-140 100 Promethium-149 100 Barium-141 1,000 Promethium-150 1,000 Barium-142 1,000 Promethium-151 100 Lanthanum-131 1,000 Samarium-141m 1,000 Lanthanum-132 100 Samarium-141 1,000 Lanthanum-135 1,000 Samarium-142 1,000 Lanthanum-137 10 Samarium-145 100 Lanthanum-138 100 Samarium-146 1 Lanthanum-140 100 Samarium-147 100 Lanthanum-141 100 Samarium-151 10 Lanthanum-142 1,000 Samarium-153 100 Lanthanum-143 1,000 Samarium-155 1,000 Cerium-134 100 Samarium-156 1,000 Cerium-135 100 Europium-145 100 Cerium-137m 100 Europium-146 100 Cerium-137 1,000 Europium-147 100 Cerium-139 100 Europium-148 10 Cerium-141 100 Europium-149 100 Cerium-143 100 Europium-150 Cerium-144 1 (12.62h) 100 Praseodymium-136 1,000 Europium-150 Praseodymium-137 1,000 (34.2y) 1 Praseodymium-138m 1,000 Europium-152m 100 Praseodymium-139 1,000 Europium-152 1 Praseodymium-142m 1,000 Europium-154 1 Praseodymium-142 100 Europium-155 10 Praseodymium-143 100 Europium-156 100 Praseodymium-144 1,000 Europium-157 100 Praseodymium-145 100 Europium-158 1,000 Praseodymium-147 1,000 Gadolinium-145 1,000 Neodymium-136 1,000 Gadolinium-146 10 Neodymium-138 100 Gadolinium-147 100 Neodymium-139m 1,000 Gadolinium-148 0.001 Neodymium-139 1,000 Gadolinium-149 100 Neodymium-141 1,000 Gadolinium-151 10 Neodymium-147 100 Gadolinium-152 100 Neodymium-149 1,000 Gadolinium-153 10 Neodymium-151 1,000 Gadolinium-159 100 * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-C-6 ____________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* Terbium-147 1,000 Ytterbium-162 1,000 Terbium-149 100 Ytterbium-166 100 Terbium-150 1,000 Ytterbium-167 1,000 Terbium-151 100 Ytterbium-169 100 Terbium-153 1,000 Ytterbium-175 100 Terbium-154 100 Ytterbium-177 1,000 Terbium-155 1,000 Ytterbium-178 1,000 Terbium-156m Lutetium-169 100 (5.Oh) 1,000 Lutetium-170 100 Terbium-156m Lutetium-171 100 (24.4h) 1,000 Lutetium-172 100 Terbium-156 100 Lutetium-173 10 Terbium-157 10 Lutetium-174m 10 Terbium-158 1 Lutetium-174 10 Terbium-160 10 Lutetium-176m 1,000 Terbium-161 100 Lutetium-176 100 Dysprosium-155 1,000 Lutetium-177m 10 Dysprosium-157 1,000 Lutetium-177 100 Dysprosium-159 100 Lutetium-178m 1,000 Dysprosium-165 1,000 Lutetium-178 1,000 Dysprosium-166 100 Lutetium-179 1,000 Holmium-155 1,000 Hafnium-170 100 Holmium-157 1,000 Hafnium-172 1 Holmium-159 1,000 Hafnium-173 1,000 Holmium-161 1,000 Hafnium-175 100 Holmium-162m 1,000 Hafnium-177m 1,000 Holmium-162 1,000 Hafnium-178m 0.1 Holmium-164m 1,000 Hafnium-179m 10 Holmium-164 1,000 Hafnium-180m 1,000 Holmium-166m 1 Hafnium-181 10 Holmium-166 100 Hafnium-182m 1,000 Holmium-167 1,000 Hafnium-182 0.1 Erbium-161 1,000 Hafnium-183 1,000 Erbium-165 1,000 Hafnium-184 100 Erbium-169 100 Tantalum-172 1,000 Erbium-171 100 Tantalum-173 1,000 Erbium-172 100 Tantalum-174 1,000 Thulium-162 1,000 Tantalum-175 1,000 Thulium-166 100 Tantalum-176 100 Thulium-167 100 Tantalum-177 1,000 Thulium-170 10 Tantalum-178 1,000 Thulium-171 10 Tantalum-179 100 Thulium-172 100 Tantalum-180m 1,000 Thulium-173 100 Tantalum-180 100 Thulium-175 1,000 Tantalum-182m 1,000 * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-C-7 ____________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* Tantalum-182 10 Iridium-188 100 Tantalum-183 100 Iridium-189 100 Tantalum-184 100 Iridium-190m 1,000 Tantalum-185 1,000 Iridium-190 100 Tantalum-186 1,000 Iridium-192m Tungsten-176 1,000 (1.4m) 10 Tungsten-177 1,000 Iridium-192 Tungsten-178 1,000 (73.8d) 1 Tungsten-179 1,000 Iridium-194m 10 Tungsten-181 1,000 Iridium-194 100 Tungsten-185 100 Iridium-195m 1,000 Tungsten-187 100 Iridium-195 1,000 Tungsten-188 10 Platinum-186 1,000 Rhenium-177 1,000 Platinum-188 100 Rhenium-178 1,000 Platinum-189 1,000 Rhenium-181 1,000 Platinum-191 100 Rhenium-182 Platinum-193m 100 (12.7h) 1,000 Platinum-193 1,000 Rhenium-182 Platinum-195m 100 (64.Oh) 100 Platinum-197m 1,000 Rhenium-184m 10 Platinum-197 100 Rhenium-184 100 Platinum-199 1,000 Rhenium-186m 10 Platinum-200 100 Rhenium-186 100 Gold-193 1,000 Rhenium-187 1,000 Gold-194 100 Rhenium-188m 1,000 Gold-195 10 Rhenium-188 100 Gold-198m 100 Rhenium-189 100 Gold-198 100 Osmium-180 1,000 Gold-199 100 Osmium-181 1,000 Gold-200m 100 Osmium-182 100 Gold-200 1,000 Osmium-185 100 Gold-201 1,000 Osmium-189m 1,000 Mercury-193m 100 Osmium-191m 1,000 Mercury-193 1,000 Osmium-191 100 Mercury-194 1 Osmium-193 100 Mercury-195m 100 Osmium-194 1 Mercury-195 1,000 Iridium-182 1,000 Mercury-197m 100 Iridium-184 1,000 Mercury-197 1,000 Iridium-185 1,000 Mercury-199m 1,000 Iridium-186 100 Mercury-203 100 Iridium-187 1,000 * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-C-8 ____________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* Thallium-194m 1,000 Francium-223 100 Thallium-194 1,000 Radium-223 0.1 Thallium-195 1,000 Radium-224 0.1 Thallium-197 1,000 Radium-225 0.1 Thallium-198m 1,000 Radium-226 0.1 Thallium-198 1,000 Radium-227 1,000 Thallium-199 1,000 Radium-228 0.1 Thallium-201 1,000 Actinium-224 1 Thallium-200 1,000 Actinium-225 0.01 Thallium-202 100 Actinium-226 0.1 Thallium-204 100 Actinium-227 0.001 Lead-195m 1,000 Actinium-228 1 Lead-198 1,000 Thorium-226 10 Lead-199 1,000 Thorium-227 0.01 Lead-200 100 Thorium-228 0.001 Lead-201 1,000 Thorium-229 0.001 Lead-202m 1,000 Thorium-230 0.001 Lead-202 10 Thorium-231 100 Lead-203 1,000 Thorium-232 100 Lead-205 100 Thorium-234 10 Lead-209 1,000 Thorium-natural 100 Lead-210 0.01 Protactinium-227 10 Lead-211 100 Protactinium-228 1 Lead-212 1 Protactinium-230 0.1 Lead-214 100 Protactinium-231 0.001 Bismuth-200 1,000 Protactinium-232 1 Bismuth-201 1,000 Protactinium-233 100 Bismuth-202 1,000 Protactinium-234 100 Bismuth-203 100 Uranium-230 0.01 Bismuth-205 100 Uranium-231 100 Bismuth-206 100 Uranium-232 0.001 Bismuth-207 10 Uranium-233 0.001 Bismuth-210m 0.1 Uranium-234 0.001 Bismuth-210 1 Uranium-235 0.001 Bismuth-212 10 Uranium-236 0.001 Bismuth-213 10 Uranium-237 100 Bismuth-214 100 Uranium-238 100 Polonium-203 1,000 Uranium-239 1,000 Polonium-205 1,000 Uranium-240 100 Polonium-207 1,000 Uranium-natural 100 Polonium-210 0.1 Neptunium-232 100 Astatine-207 100 Neptunium-233 1,000 Astatine-211 10 Neptunium-234 100 Radon-220 1 Neptunium-235 100 Radon-222 1 Neptunium-236 Francium-222 100 (1.15E+5) 0.001 * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-C-9 ____________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* Neptunium-236 Curium-242 0.01 (22.5h) 1 Curium-243 0.001 Neptunium-237 0.001 Curium-244 0.001 Neptunium-238 10 Curium-245 0.001 Neptunium-239 100 Curium-246 0.001 Neptunium-240 1,000 Curium-247 0.001 Plutonium-234 10 Curium-248 0.001 Plutonium-235 1,000 Curium-249 1,000 Plutonium-236 0.001 Berkelium-245 100 Plutonium-237 100 Berkelium-246 100 Plutonium-238 0.001 Berkelium-247 0.001 Plutonium-239 0.001 Berkelium-249 0.1 Plutonium-240 0.001 Berkelium-250 10 Plutonium-241 0.01 Californium-244 100 Plutonium-242 0.001 Californium-246 1 Plutonium-243 1,000 Californium-248 0.01 Plutonium-244 0.001 Californium-249 0.001 Plutonium-245 100 Californium-250 0.001 Americium-237 1,000 Californium-251 0.001 Americium-238 100 Californium-252 0.001 Americium-239 1,000 Californium-253 0.1 Americium-240 100 Californium-254 0.001 Americium-241 0.001 Einsteinium-250 100 Americium-242m 0.001 Einsteinium-251 100 Americium-242 10 Einsteinium-253 0.1 Americium-243 0.001 Einsteinium-254m 1 Americium-244m 100 Einsteinium-254 0.01 Americium-244 10 Fermium-252 1 Americium-245 1,000 Fermium-253 1 Americium-246m 1,000 Fermium-254 10 Americium-246 1,000 Fermium-255 1 Curium-238 100 Fermium-257 0.01 Curium-240 0.1 Mendelevium-257 10 Curium-241 1 Mendelevium-258 0.01 Any alpha-emitting Any radionuclide radionuclide not other than alpha- listed above or emitting radionuclides mixtures of alpha not listed above, or emitters of unknown mixtures of beta composition 0.001 emitters of unknown composition 0.01 * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-C-10 ____________________________________________________________________________ Radionuclide Quantity Radionuclide Quantity (FCi)* (FCi)* NOTE: Where there is involved a combination of radionuclides in known amounts, the limit for the combination shall be derived as follows: determine, for each radionuclide in the combination, the ratio between the quantity present in the combination and the limit otherwise established for the specific radionuclide when not in combination. The sum of such ratios for all radionuclides in the combination may not exceed "1" -- that is, unity. 1The quantities listed above were derived by taking 1/10th of the most restrictive ALI listed in Table I, Columns 1 and 2, of Appendix B to Subchapter 4, rounding to the nearest factor of 10, and constraining the values listed between 37 Bq and 37 MBq (0.001 and 1,000 FCi). Values of 3.7 MBq (100 FCi) have been assigned for radionuclides having a radioactive half- life in excess of E+9 years, except rhenium, 37 MBq (1,000 FCi), to take into account their low specific activity. * To convert FCi to kBq, multiply the FCi value by 37. 4-D-1 Appendix D of Subchapter 4 RADIATION SYMBOL (8/19/98) Cross-hatched area is magenta, or purple, or black. The background is yellow. 5-A-1 Appendix A of Subchapter 5 SUBJECTS FOR INSTRUCTION OF RADIOGRAPHER TRAINEES (2/2/93) Training to qualify individuals as radiographer trainees shall be presented on a formal basis and shall include the following subjects: I. Fundamentals of Radiation Safety A. Characteristics of radiation B. Units of radiation dose and quantity of radioactivity C. Significance of radiation dose 1. Radiation protection standards 2. Biological effects of radiation 3. Case histories of radiography accidents D. Levels of radiation from sources of radiation E. Methods of controlling radiation dose 1. Working time 2. Working distances 3. Shielding II. Radiation Detection Instrumentation to be Used A. Use of radiation survey instruments 1. Operation 2. Calibration 3. Limitations B. Survey techniques C. Use of personnel monitoring equipment 1. Film badges 2. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) 3. Pocket dosimeters 4. Alarm ratemeter III. The Requirements of Pertinent Federal and State Regulations IV. The Registrant's Written Operating and Emergency Procedures V. Radiographic Equipment to be Used A. Remote handling equipment B. Operation and control of radiographic exposure devices and sealed sources, including pictures or models of source assemblies (pigtails) C. Storage and transport containers, source changers D. Operation and control of x-ray equipment E. Collimators 6-A-1 Appendix A of Subchapter 6 TIME-TEMPERATURE CHART (2/2/93) Thermometer Minimum Developing Time Reading (minutes) (degrees) C F 26.7 80 2 26.1 79 2 25.6 78 2 1/2 25.0 77 2 1/2 24.4 76 3 23.9 75 3 23.3 74 3 1/2 22.8 73 3 1/2 22.2 72 4 21.7 71 4 21.1 70 4 1/2 20.6 69 4 1/2 20.0 68 5 19.4 67 5 1/2 18.9 66 5 1/2 18.3 65 6 17.8 64 6 1/2 17.2 63 7 16.7 62 8 16.1 61 8 1/2 15.6 60 9 1/2 6-B-1 Appendix B of Subchapter 6 TEMPERATURE-IMMERSION CHART (2/2/93) Developer Temperature Minimum Immersion Time* EC EF Seconds 35.5 96 19 35 95 20 34.5 94 21 34 93 22 33.5 92 23 33 91 24 32 90 25 31.5 89 26 31 88 27 30.5 87 28 30 86 29 29.5 85 30 *Immersion time only, no crossover time included. 6-C-1 Appendix C of Subchapter HALF-VALUE LAYER (7/25/96) X-Ray Tube Voltage Minimum Half-Value Layer (kilovolt peak) (millimeters of aluminum) Design Measured Dental Intraoral All Other Operating Potential Manufactured Before Diagnostic Range (kVp) 8/1/74 & On or After X-Ray 12/1/80 Systems Below 51 30 N/A 0.3 40 N/A 0.4 50 1.5 0.5 51 to 70 51 1.5 1.2 60 1.5 1.3 70 1.5 1.5 Above 70 71 2.1 2.1 80 2.3 2.3 90 2.5 2.5 100 2.7 2.7 110 3.0 3.0 120 3.2 3.2 130 3.5 3.5 140 3.8 3.8 150 4.1 4.1 13-A-1 Appendix A of Subchapter 13 SUBJECTS TO BE INCLUDED IN TRAINING COURSES FOR LOGGING SUPERVISORS (2/2/93) I. Fundamentals of Radiation Safety A. Characteristics of radiation B. Units of radiation dose and quantity of radioactivity C. Significance of radiation dose 1. Radiation protection standards 2. Biological effects of radiation dose D. Levels of radiation from sources of radiation E. Methods of minimizing radiation dose 1. Working time 2. Working distances 3. Shielding F. Radiation safety practices including prevention of contamination and methods of decontamination II. Radiation Detection Instrumentation to be Used A. Use of radiation survey instruments 1. Operation 2. Calibration 3. Limitations B. Survey techniques C. Use of personnel monitoring equipment III. Equipment to be Used A. Handling equipment B. Sources of radiation C. Storage and control of equipment D. Operation and control of equipment IV. The Requirements of Pertinent Federal and State Regulations V. The Licensee's Written Operating and Emergency Procedures VI. The Licensee's Recordkeeping Procedures 14-A-1 Appendix A of Subchapter 14 INFORMATION ON RADIATION SHIELDING REQUIRED FOR PLAN REVIEWS (2/2/93) I. ALL THERAPEUTIC RADIATION MACHINES A. Basic facility information including: name, telephone number and department registration number of the individual responsible for preparation of the shielding plan; name and telephone number of the facility supervisor; and the street address including room number of the external beam radiation therapy facility. The plan should also indicate whether this is a new structure or a modification to existing structure(s). B. All wall, floor, and ceiling areas struck by the useful beam shall have primary barriers. C. Secondary barriers shall be provided in all wall, floor, and ceiling areas not having primary barriers. II. THERAPEUTIC RADIATION MACHINES UP TO ONE HUNDRED FIFTY kV (PHOTONS ONLY) In addition to the requirements listed in Section I above, therapeutic radiation machine facilities which produce only photons with a maximum energy less than or equal to one hundred fifty kV shall submit shielding plans which contain, as a minimum, the following additional information: A. Equipment specifications, including the manufacturer and model number of the therapeutic radiation machine, as well as the maximum technique factors. B. Maximum design workload for the facility including total weekly radiation output, expressed in gray (rad) or air kerma at one meter, total beam-on time per day or week, the average treatment time per patient, along with the anticipated number of patients to be treated per day or week. C. A facility blueprint/drawing indicating: scale 0.25 inch = one foot is typical; direction of North; normal location of the therapeutic radiation machine's radiation port(s); the port's travel and traverse limits; general direction(s) of the useful beam; locations of any windows and doors; and the location of the therapeutic radiation machine control panel. If the control panel is located inside the external beam radiation therapy treatment room, the location of the operator's booth shall be noted on the plan and the operator's station at the control panel shall be behind a protective barrier sufficient to ensure compliance with subchapter 4. D. The structural composition and thickness or lead/concrete equivalent of all walls, doors, partitions, floor, and ceiling of the room(s) concerned. E. The type of occupancy of all adjacent areas inclusive of space above and below the room(s) concerned. If there is an exterior wall, show distance to the closest area(s) where it is likely that individuals may be present. F. At least one example calculation which shows the methodology used to determine the amount of shielding 14-A-2 required for each physical condition (ie: primary and secondary/leakage barriers, restricted and unrestricted areas, entry door(s)) and shielding material in the facility. (1) If commercial software is used to generate shielding requirements, please also identify the software used and the version/ revision date. (2) If the software used to generate shielding requirements is not in the open literature, please also submit quality control sample calculations to verify the result obtained with the software. III. THERAPEUTIC RADIATION MACHINES OVER ONE HUNDRED FIFTY kV In addition to the requirements listed in Section I above, therapeutic radiation machine facilities which produce photons with a maximum energy in excess of one hundred fifty kV and/or electrons and/or protons or other subatomic particles shall submit shielding plans which contain, as a minimum, the following additional information: A. Equipment specifications including the manufacturer and model number of the therapeutic radiation machine, and gray (rad) at the isocenter and the energy(s) and type(s) of radiation produced (ie: photon, electron). The source to isocenter distance shall be specified. B. Maximum design workload for the facility including total weekly radiation output expressed in gray (rad) at one meter, total beam-on time per day or week, the average treatment time per patient, along with the anticipated number of patients to be treated per day or week. C. Facility blueprint/drawing including both floor plan and elevation views indicating relative orientation of the therapeutic radiation machine, scale 0.25 inch = one foot is typical, type(s), thickness and minimum density of shielding material(s), direction of North, the locations and size of all penetrations through each shielding barrier (ceiling, walls and floor), as well as details of the door(s) and maze. D. The structural composition and thickness or concrete equivalent of all walls, doors, partitions, floor, and ceiling of the room(s) concerned. E. The type of occupancy of all adjacent areas inclusive of space above and below the room(s) concerned. If there is an exterior wall, show distance to the closest area(s) where it is likely that individuals may be present. F. Description of all assumptions that were in shielding calculations including, but not limited to, design energy (ie., room may be designed for six MV unit although only a four MV unit is currently proposed, work-load, presence of integral beam-stop in unit, occupancy and use(s) of adjacent areas, fraction of time that useful beam will intercept each permanent barrier (walls, floor and ceiling) and "allowed" radiation exposure in both restricted and unrestricted areas. G. At least one example calculation which shows the methodology used to determine the amount of shielding required for each physical condition (ie., primary and secondary/leakage barriers, restricted and 14-A-3 unrestricted areas, small angle scatter, entry door(s) and maze) and shielding material in the facility. (1) If commercial software is used to generate shielding requirements, please also identify the software used and the version/ revision date. (2) If the software used to generate shielding requirements is not in the open literature, please also submit quality control sample calculations to verify the result obtained with the software. IV. NEUTRON SHIELDING In addition to the requirements listed in Section III above, therapeutic radiation machine facilities which are capable of operating above ten MV shall submit shielding plans which contain, as a minimum, the following additional information: A. The structural composition, thickness, minimum density and location of all neutron shielding material. B. Description of all assumptions that were used in neutron shielding calculations including, but not limited to, neutron spectra as a function of energy, neutron fluence rate, absorbed dose and dose equivalent (due to neutrons) in both restricted and unrestricted areas. C. At least one example calculation which shows the methodology used to determine the amount of neutron shielding required for each physical condition (ie., restricted and unrestricted areas, entry door(s) and maze) and neutron shielding material utilized in the facility. (1) If commercial software is used to generate shielding requirements, please also identify the software used and the version/ revision date. (2) If the software used to generate shielding requirements is not in the open literature, please also submit quality control sample calculations to verify the result obtained with the software. D. The method(s) and instrumentation which will be used to verify the adequacy of all neutron shielding installed in the facility. V. REFERENCES A. NCRP Report 49, "Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies Up to 10 MeV" (1976). B. NCRP Report 51, "Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1-100 MeV Particle Accelerator Facilities" (1977). C. NCRP Report 79, "Neutron Contamination from Medical Electron Accelerators" (1984).