R309-225-8. Major Sources of Contaminants in Drinking Water

Microbiological Contaminants (1) Total Coliform Bacteria - Naturally present in the environment. (2) E. coli - Human and animal fecal waste. (3) Fecal Indicators (enterococci or coliphage) - Human and animal fecal waste. (4) Turbidity- Soil runoff. (5) Total organic carbon - Naturally present in the environment. Radioactive Contaminants (6) Alpha emitters (pCi/l) - Erosion of natural deposits. (7) Beta/photon emitters (mrem/yr) - Decay of natural and man-made deposits. (8) Combined radium (pCi/l) - Erosion of natural deposits. (9) Uranium (ug/l) - Erosion of natural deposits. Inorganic Contaminants (10) Antimony (ppb) - Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder. (11) Arsenic (ppb) - Erosion of natural deposits; Runoff from orchards; Runoff from glass and electronics production wastes. (12) Asbestos (MFL) - Decay of asbestos cement water mains; Erosion of natural deposits. (13) Barium (ppm) - Discharge of drilling wastes; Discharge from metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits. (14) Beryllium (ppb) - Discharge from metal refineries and coal-burning factories; Discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industries. (15) Cadmium (ppb) - Corrosion of galvanized pipes; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and paints. (16) Chromium (ppb) - Discharge from steel and pulp mills; Erosion of natural deposits. (17) Copper (ppm) - Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits; Leaching from wood preservatives. (18) Cyanide (ppb) - Discharge from steel/metal factories; Discharge from plastic and fertilizer factories. (19) Fluoride (ppm) - Erosion of natural deposits; Water additive which promotes strong teeth; Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories. (20) Lead (ppb) - Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits. (21) Mercury (inorganic) (ppb) - Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from refineries and factories; Runoff from landfills; Runoff from cropland. (22) Nitrate (as Nitrogen) (ppm) - Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits. (23) Nitrite (as Nitrogen) (ppm) - Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits. (24) Selenium (ppb) - Discharge from petroleum and metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from mines. (25) Thallium (ppb) - Leaching from ore-processing sites; Discharge from electronics, glass, and drug factories. Synthetic Organic Contaminants including Pesticides and Herbicides (26) 2,4-D (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on row crops. (27) 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)(ppb) - Residue of banned herbicide. (28) Acrylamide - Added to water during sewage/wastewater treatment. (29) Alachlor (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on row crops. (30) Atrazine (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on row crops. (31) Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH) (nanograms/l) -Leaching from linings of water storage tanks and distribution lines. (32) Carbofuran (ppb) - Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa. (33) Chlordane (ppb) - Residue of banned termiticide. (34) Dalapon (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on rights of way. (35) Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (ppb) - Discharge from chemical factories. (36) Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ppb) - Discharge from rubber and chemical factories. (37) Dibromochloropropane (ppt) - Runoff/leaching from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchards. (38) Dinoseb (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables. (39) Diquat (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide use. (40) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) (ppq) - Emissions from waste incineration and other combustion; Discharge from chemical factories. (41) Endothall (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide use. (42) Endrin (ppb) - Residue of banned insecticide. (43) Epichlorohydrin - Discharge from industrial chemical factories; An impurity of some water treatment chemicals. (44) Ethylene dibromide (ppt) - Discharge from petroleum refineries. (45) Glyphosate (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide use. (46) Heptachlor (ppt) - Residue of banned pesticide. (47) Heptachlor epoxide (ppt) - Breakdown of heptachlor. (48) Hexachlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from metal refineries and agricultural chemical factories. (49) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (ppb) - Discharge from chemical factories. (50) Lindane (ppt) - Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cattle, lumber, gardens. (51) Methoxychlor (ppb) - Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock. (52) Oxamyl (Vydate)(ppb) - Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on apples, potatoes and tomatoes. (53) PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) (ppt) - Runoff from landfills; Discharge of waste chemicals. (54) Pentachlorophenol (ppb) - Discharge from wood preserving factories. (55) Picloram (ppb) - Herbicide runoff. (56) Simazine (ppb) - Herbicide runoff. (57) Toxaphene (ppb) - Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle. Volatile Organic Contaminants (58) Benzene (ppb) - Discharge from factories; Leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills. (59) Bromate (ppb) - By-product of drinking water chlorination. (60) Carbon tetrachloride (ppb) - Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial activities. (61) Chloramines (ppm) - Water additive used to control microbes. (62) Chlorine (ppm) - Water additive used to control microbes. (63) Chlorite (ppm) - By-product of drinking water chlorination. (64) Chlorine dioxide (ppb) - Water additive used to control microbes. (65) Chlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from chemical and agricultural chemical factories. (66) o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (67) p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (68) 1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (69) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (70) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (71) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (72) Dichloromethane (ppb) - Discharge from pharmaceutical and chemical factories. (73) 1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (74) Ethylbenzene (ppb) - Discharge from petroleum refineries. (75) Haloacetic Acids (HAA) (ppb) - By-product of drinking water disinfection. (76) Styrene (ppb)- Discharge from rubber and plastic factories; Leaching from landfills. (77) Tetrachloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from factories and dry cleaners. (78) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from textile-finishing factories. (79) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ppb) - Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories. (80) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (81) Trichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories. (82) TTHMs (Total trihalomethanes)(ppb) - By-product of drinking water chlorination. (83) Toluene (ppm) - Discharge from petroleum factories. (84) Vinyl Chloride (ppb) - Leaching from PVC piping; Discharge from plastics factories. (85) Xylenes (ppm) - Discharge from petroleum factories; Discharge from chemical factories.