R309-225-9. Major Sources of Contaminants in Drinking Water

Microbiological Contaminants (1) Total Coliform Bacteria - Naturally present in the environment. (2) E. coli - Human and animal fecal waste. (3) Fecal Indicators such as enterococci or coliphage- Human and animal fecal waste. (4) Turbidity- Soil runoff. (5) Total organic carbon - Naturally present in the environment. Radioactive Contaminants (6) Alpha emitters (pCi/l) - Erosion of natural deposits. (7) Beta/photon emitters (mrem/yr) - Decay of natural and artificial deposits. (8) Combined radium (pCi/l) - Erosion of natural deposits. (9) Uranium (ug/l) - Erosion of natural deposits. Inorganic Contaminants (10) Antimony (ppb) - Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder. (11) Arsenic (ppb) - Erosion of natural deposits; Runoff from orchards; Runoff from glass and electronics production wastes. (12) Asbestos (MFL) - Decay of asbestos cement water mains; Erosion of natural deposits. (13) Barium (ppm) - Discharge of drilling wastes; Discharge from metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits. (14) Beryllium (ppb) - Discharge from metal refineries and coal-burning factories; Discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industries. (15) Cadmium (ppb) - Corrosion of galvanized pipes; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and paints. (16) Chromium (ppb) - Discharge from steel and pulp mills; Erosion of natural deposits. (17) Copper (ppm) - Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits; Leaching from wood preservatives. (18) Cyanide (ppb) - Discharge from steel or metal factories; Discharge from plastic and fertilizer factories. (19) Fluoride (ppm) - Erosion of natural deposits; Water additive which promotes strong teeth; Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories. (20) Lead (ppb) - Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits. (21) Mercury (inorganic) (ppb) - Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from refineries and factories; Runoff from landfills; Runoff from cropland. (22) Nitrate (as Nitrogen) (ppm) - Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits. (23) Nitrite (as Nitrogen) (ppm) - Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits. (24) Selenium (ppb) - Discharge from petroleum and metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from mines. (25) Thallium (ppb) - Leaching from ore-processing sites; Discharge from electronics, glass, and drug factories. Synthetic Organic Contaminants including Pesticides and Herbicides (26) 2,4-D (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on row crops. (27) 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)(ppb) - Residue of banned herbicide. (28) Acrylamide - Added to water during sewage or wastewater treatment. (29) Alachlor (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on row crops. (30) Atrazine (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on row crops. (31) Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH) (nanograms/l) -Leaching from linings of water storage tanks and distribution lines. (32) Carbofuran (ppb) - Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa. (33) Chlordane (ppb) - Residue of banned termiticide. (34) Dalapon (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on rights of way. (35) Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (ppb) - Discharge from chemical factories. (36) Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ppb) - Discharge from rubber and chemical factories. (37) Dibromochloropropane (ppt) - Runoff or leaching from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchards. (38) Dinoseb (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables. (39) Diquat (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide use. (40) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) (ppq) - Emissions from waste incineration and other combustion; Discharge from chemical factories. (41) Endothall (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide use. (42) Endrin (ppb) - Residue of banned insecticide. (43) Epichlorohydrin - Discharge from industrial chemical factories; An impurity of some water treatment chemicals. (44) Ethylene dibromide (ppt) - Discharge from petroleum refineries. (45) Glyphosate (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide use. (46) Hazard Index PFAS (HFPO-DA, PFBS, PFHxS, and PFNA) - Discharge from manufacturing and industrial chemical facilities, use of certain consumer products, occupational exposures, and certain firefighting activities. (47) Heptachlor (ppt) - Residue of banned pesticide. (48) Heptachlor epoxide (ppt) - Breakdown of heptachlor. (49) Hexachlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from metal refineries and agricultural chemical factories. (50) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (ppb) - Discharge from chemical factories. (51) HFPO-DA (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) (ng/l)- Discharge from manufacturing and industrial chemical facilities, use of certain consumer products, occupational exposures, and certain firefighting activities. (52) Lindane (ppt) - Runoff or leaching from insecticide used on cattle, lumber, gardens. (53) Methoxychlor (ppb) - Runoff or leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock. (54) Oxamyl (Vydate)(ppb) - Runoff or leaching from insecticide used on apples, potatoes and tomatoes. (55) PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) (ppt) - Runoff from landfills; Discharge of waste chemicals. (56) Pentachlorophenol (ppb) - Discharge from wood preserving factories. (57) PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonic acid) (ng/l) - Discharge from manufacturing and industrial chemical facilities, use of certain consumer products, occupational exposures, and certain firefighting activities. (58) PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid) (ng/l) - Discharge from manufacturing and industrial chemical facilities, use of certain consumer products, occupational exposures, and certain firefighting activities. (59) PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) (ng/l) - Discharge from manufacturing and industrial chemical facilities, use of certain consumer products, occupational exposures, and certain firefighting activities. (60) PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) (ng/l) - Discharge from manufacturing and industrial chemical facilities, use of certain consumer products, occupational exposures, and certain firefighting activities. (61) Picloram (ppb) - Herbicide runoff. (62) Simazine (ppb) - Herbicide runoff. (63) Toxaphene (ppb) - Runoff or leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle. Volatile Organic Contaminants (64) Benzene (ppb) - Discharge from factories; Leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills. (65) Bromate (ppb) - By-product of drinking water chlorination. (66) Carbon tetrachloride (ppb) - Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial activities. (67) Chloramines (ppm) - Water additive used to control microbes. (68) Chlorine (ppm) - Water additive used to control microbes. (69) Chlorite (ppm) - By-product of drinking water chlorination. (70) Chlorine dioxide (ppb) - Water additive used to control microbes. (71) Chlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from chemical and agricultural chemical factories. (72) o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (73) p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (74) 1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (75) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (76) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (77) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (78) Dichloromethane (ppb) - Discharge from pharmaceutical and chemical factories. (79) 1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (80) Ethylbenzene (ppb) - Discharge from petroleum refineries. (81) Haloacetic Acids (HAA) (ppb) - By-product of drinking water disinfection. (82) Styrene (ppb)- Discharge from rubber and plastic factories; Leaching from landfills. (83) Tetrachloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from factories and dry cleaners. (84) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from textile-finishing factories. (85) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ppb) - Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories. (86) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories. (87) Trichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories. (88) TTHMs (Total trihalomethanes)(ppb) - By-product of drinking water chlorination. (89) Toluene (ppm) - Discharge from petroleum factories. (90) Vinyl Chloride (ppb) - Leaching from PVC piping; Discharge from plastics factories. (91) Xylenes (ppm) - Discharge from petroleum factories; Discharge from chemical factories.